Ethical Dilemmas Responsibilities And The Case - 1808 Words

Ethical Dilemmas: Responsibilities and The Case Teianee-Kai Breznikar University of Southern Queensland Word count: 1602 Ethical Dilemmas: Responsibilities and The Case Banks (2006) claims that dilemmas occur when individuals encounter two equally unwelcoming alternatives for a choice, potentially involving a conflict of moral values. The assumption is both judgements can be affirmed; it constitutes situations in which individuals need to make choices given different equally compelling moral options. However, rarely are ethical choices simple; most decisions are restricted and invokes internal conflict as dilemmas highlight the differences and those conflicts when deciding on a course of action. The current literature contains a†¦show more content†¦In a strict teleological interpretation, all actions are morally neutral without the consideration of their consequences. Using this perspective, Alyssa should take the action that generates the greatest net benefit for all those affected by the dilemma. In contrast, deontology denotes an ethical perspective based on duty or obligation. Moral actions are assessed on the foundation of inherent rightness or wrongness rather than the primary consideration being of consequences (Nagel, 1986). From this perspective, Alyssa should take an action that disclosures and removes any questionable behaviors, no matter the consequences. If fundamental principles, for example if lives are violated, the action is always considered morally wrong, even if good outcomes ascended. Ethical Systems Adherence to independent moral duties or rules is what characterizes deontological moral systems. To make morally right decisions, an understanding of our own moral duties needs to be established and an acknowledgment on what correct rules exist to regulate those duties. If we are behaving morally, we have followed our duty; Jeffs and Smith (2005), state that a youth workers priority befalls performing duties that are good and right, despite whether it breaks the rules or calls you to question. Alyssa was ready to face any repercussions for her decision and felt it was herShow MoreRelatedEthical Values in Social Work Essay example1381 Words   |  6 Pagesvalues and ethical dilemmas What are values, ethics, ethical dilemmas and a code of ethics? Values relate to principles and attitudes that provide direction to everyday living. Values also refer to beliefs or standards considered desirable by a culture, group or individual (AASW). Similar to values, but slightly different, ethics means a system of beliefs held about what constitutes moral judgement and right conduct, they are moral principles (rules, guides) (AASW). So an ethical dilemma is thenRead MoreIdentification of Ethical and Legal Dilemmas1689 Words   |  7 PagesETHICAL DILEMMA In the current scenario, my client has been experiencing severe depression and suicidal tendencies. Through diagnosis, I have come to learn that she had been involved in a romantic relationship with her previous counselor during the counseling period. She also claims hat she has been having suicidal feelings since the romantic relationship was terminated six months ago. She accepts responsibility for the romantic relationship. It is to be seen what ethical and legal dilemmas areRead MoreEthics Game Reflective Journal1042 Words   |  5 PagesJournal Ethical dilemmas surface daily in professional nursing practice. Whether you work in acute care, long-term care, hospice care, ambulatory care, managed care, or public health care chances are you will be responsible for making decisions in a situation of ethical concern. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the ethical issues presented in the Ethics Game simulation, the decision-making process used to determine the solution to the dilemma, and apply concepts from the Ethical LensesRead MoreEnrons Ethical Dilemma1118 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Enrons Ethical Dilemma: Ethical and moral issues have received substantial focus in the modern society because of the recent cases in which huge corporations with big profits and earnings have faced bankruptcy. Enron is an example of corporations that have faced bankruptcy in the recent past because of the numerous problems it had with federal and state governments for manipulation of financial statements. While these problems are not only attributed to organizational issues, accounting firmsRead MoreEthical Issues Of Business Environment850 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment, companies can face a number of ethical issues that require making hard and often dissatisfying decisions. In this context, it is necessary to mind ethical norms as well as results of actions taken in order to keep the efficient communication across companies and keep the right balance in communication with colleagues, subordinates as well as mangers (Horton, 2015). Taking into consideration that there can be distinguished a range of ethical issues that pertain only to certain types ofRead MoreEthical Dilemmas1461 Words   |  6 PagesEthical dilemmas are common issues that every businessman has to face at their working environment. It is not such an easy task for businessman to have an ethical decision making, to choose what the â€Å"right† thing to do. In this following factual scenario, John also has to face some ethical dilemmas in his working environment and have difficulty to find appropriate solution. After a brief summary of the facts, I will discuss some ethical dilemmas which John is confronting and some approaches to ethicalRead MoreThe Ethics And Social Welfare1568 Words   |  7 PagesThe Case: Banks (2006) claims that dilemmas occur when individuals encounter two equally unwelcoming alternatives for a choice, potentially involving a conflict of moral values. The assumption is both judgements can be affirmed; it constitutes situations in which individuals need to make choices given different equally compelling moral options. However, rarely are ethical choices simple; most decisions are restricted and invokes internal conflict as dilemmas highlight the differences and those conflictsRead MoreHow Dnr Causes an Ethical Dilemma Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: HOW DNR CAUSES AN ETHICAL DILEMMA How DNR Causes an Ethical Dilemma Deann Morgan HCA 322, Health Care Ethics and Medical Law Dr. David Cole January 22, 2010 Abstract This paper will present an argument of how the process of do not resuscitate (DNR) results in an ethical dilemma for workers in the healthcare field. In presenting the argument, thisRead MoreThe Decision Making Of The Ethical Behavior Model Essay1740 Words   |  7 Pagescreating an ethical dilemma and similarly, to explore and present a decision making model used to work through the dilemma. The study found ways that can assist forensic counselors with this common issue that has prompted numerous legalities filed against them by their evaluees such as, identifying stakeholders and interpreting the situation through awareness and fact finding. Tarvydas’s integrative decision-making of the ethical behavior model can also be essential in solving ethical dilemmas becauseRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of A Family Nurse Practitioner1375 Words   |  6 PagesAs a family nurse practitioner (FNP), we have the responsibility to provide the best care we can with the patientâ€⠄¢s best interest at heart. On a daily basis we deal with the needs and wants of our patients, this alone provides an ethical dilemma. What we think is best and what our patients want could in fact create an ethical dilemma, however, when we have an ethical dilemma, it is our responsibility to get to a decision with caring, respect, an open mind and honesty to our patients (Parker, 2007)

A Trip Down Memory Lane - 1924 Words

A trip down memory lane, I still remember when I was a child sitting by my grandmother while she was holding with one hand Arabic censer (Mabkhara), that contains a small alum burning over a piece of charcoal, and waving the smoke that was coming out of the burning flames with the other hand. She would move the Mabkhara in circles, chant a special rhythm and keep staring at the burning alum. During this exciting ritual, we, the granddaughters, and my aunts gather around my grandmother sharing our wonders, disapprovals and laughs as we were unable to fathom the perplexity of what my grandmother do. Yet, we were excited and watching her distancing the evil eye that delayed my youngest aunt’ pregnancy. As my grandmother continued her†¦show more content†¦In particular, when it comes to explanation and causation of sickness, misfortune, and illness. In this paper, I will focus on how people in the middle east use the evil eye concept to interpret the health and illness ex perience. Yet, before diving into the illness and evil eye among middle easterners, I would describe the origin and the mechanism of the evil eye; who can give the evil eye? How does the evil eye provoke? Who is the victim? What are the effects of it? What are the common rituals to treat and prevent the evil eye? The evil eye is not exclusive phenomena among middle eastern. It is a historical belief that could be traced back to the Acadian, Assyrian, and Mesopotamian. Today, this belief is still widely sprawled among many nations such as Italy, Greece, Arab countries, Spain, Portugal, India, Latin America, North Africa, Scotland, and the immigrant Americans who have emigrated from those countries. Each culture has it is own influences on the notion of the evil eye beliefs, and practices in the evil eye. Nonetheless, there are some shared concepts features of the eye belief and practice that historically and currently remain popular among cultures that believe in the evil eye. Elliott (2016), gave an intriguing and almost comprehensive anthropological analysis that summarize these key features. First, the strike objective or person (looking at) usually is in a bloom status or has a value. The power that causesShow MoreRelatedFamily and Grandma788 Words   |  4 Pagessure. I would be happy to. But after I thought about it for a bit I panicked! I thought what should I say, where do I begin;What should people know; whats most important, I went to bed stressing about writing something special. When I finally sat down the next day to write about grandma, I thought and thought. I wrote and scratched and threw out paper after paper. I wanted to include so many things that my mind was scattered in every direction. I wanted so much to make sure it sounded right; thatRead MoreHow Videos And Newspapers How They Use Advertising Concepts1167 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many parts of an advertisement some which include,the background and plot, the design, and concepts like tone, mood and symbols. The ad itself is a story about a family who is going on a road trip, to find the tree where the grandmother met the grandfather. The family take the road trip in their Subaru and along the way, the audience experiences a bonding sequences, of the grandmother and granddaughter. This story is an advertisement is for a Subaru outback, which is a car. A car is veryRead More Graduation Speech Essay662 Words   |  3 PagesGood evening. A couple weeks ago, I was attempting to clean my room when I unearthed an old yearbook from my days in middle school. Rather absentmindedly I opened the book to browse through it. However, before long I became immersed in the memories brought back to life and quickly lost track of time. Over an hour later, I set the book aside and marveled at how much had changed since then. Not only had people changed physically, but they had also changed their friends, habits and behaviors. FurthermoreRead MoreAnalysis of Setting: the Scent of Apples by Bienvenido Santos1023 Words   |  5 Pagesthe promise of winter; additionally the way Santos describes the setting further exemplifies this nostalgia and isolation from home. The absence of home is introduced by Santos’s description of the, which creates a somber tone by describing the memory their son who had gone away to war. He uses that setting, the boy being away for war, to establish exile or loneliness; additionally he adds the boy’s absence from the familiar icy winds, changing golden leaves, and the fragrance of apples to furtherRead MoreCamping At Devils Lake953 Words   |  4 Pagesand a place where I can create memories with my family and friends. The secluded outdoors, away from cities, is a place broken away from the chains of society. Though campgrounds still have rules, the rules instituted our quite lax in both definition and enforcement. People can often do a lot more in a campground or in nature reserves than in cities or even towns. A minor example of this would be the use of bicycles, in a city bicycles need to ride in the bike lane on the right side of the roadRead MoreAnalysis of Setting: the Scent of Apples by Bienvenido Santos1038 Words   |  5 Pagesthe promise of winter; additionally the way Santos describes the setting further exemplifies this nostalgia and isolation from home. The absence of home is introduced by Santos’s description of the, which creates a somber tone by describing the memory their son who had gone away to war. He uses that setting, the boy being away for war, to establish exile or loneliness; additionally he adds the boy’s absence from the familiar icy winds, changing golden leaves, and the fragrance of apples to furtherRead More The Power of Memory Essays843 Words   |  4 PagesThe Power of Memory It never seizes to amaze me how different colors, tastes, smells, and sounds can take us back to an event in our lives long forgotten. Its astounding how we can recall events with such clarity, though sometimes our memories are tainted with the hue of the dominant emotion we may have felt at the time. We look at our present through the memories of our past experiences. Scanning through different stations on the radio, it seems like all the stations are playing theRead MoreSummer Road Trip1174 Words   |  5 PagesMy Summer Road Trip The late June Texas sun was hot as it came through the window of my Caliber. I had begun my road trip to the lake house in Mineola early that morning. I had dressed for comfort, wearing my blue shorts and my favorite worn out tee, I knew it was going to be a long hot drive. As I drove down the road, I soon realized that I had never been anywhere alone before. This was a new feeling to me, one of strength and fear rolled into one. While fighting the traffic to get out of townRead MoreAdversity Essay630 Words   |  3 PagesCarla G. Guzman Penn State University OLEAD 409 Leadership Development Adversity Essay Successful business leaders — or people in general — don’t give up when adversity strikes. They find the ways and means to carry on. Sometimes, it takes a trip to hell and back to really open your eyes. And sometimes, really opening your eyes can change your whole life. (Pirouz, 2015). This essay will focus to explain how past life experiences shape leaders’ character and skills in order to leverage on adversityRead MoreEssay Thinking1352 Words   |  6 Pagesseveral times and tried to bring it to life to write an intelligent paper on it, I had to search my memory for the actions that made me think, learn, act and react. So, I took a trip down memory lane and thought back to my childhood and started thinking of my elementary school days, high school days, military days, right on through to raising my children and now attempting college myself. What a trip! I’m not sure if I am learning anything or if I just keep going to see where I will wind up. At any

Children and Young Peoples Development free essay sample

This is a very fast period of physical development. As newborn babies have very little control over their bodies especially their heads. Movements are linked to their reflexes which they need in order to survive. In the first year however they will learn to have more control over their bodies so that by the time they hit 12 months most babies will have developed some degree of motorbility i. e. crawling/rolling. As they begin their second year babies will continue to grow and develop and walking begins. They begin to use 0 – 3 Years From birth many adults will try to communicate with babies even though they know they are not able to understand and communicate back. It is important to communicate with babies as it helps to stimulate and is good for them to feel that people are interested in them. For those babies who are not communicated with from an early age it is found that they struggle to learn the skills of effective communication later on in life. Babies will enjoy songs and games, most will begin to attempt to speak at approximately 12 months, this can either be earlier and can be later. Between the age of one and two years babies start to put words together and they will be a bit more pronounced. Their vocabulary starts to increase rapidly so that by the time they reach the age of 2 they will know in the region of 200 words. Between two and three years they will start to use plurals in their speech, using negatives as well. Grammatically there are still errors being made such as â€Å"I drawed it† 3 – 7 Years This age is when children become more social and vocal. They will use familiar phrases and expressions. They will be very questionable. Skills will improve especially in the fine motor skills department with them learning how to read and write. 7 – 12 Years Children will be refining their skills of reading and writing, they will become more fluent in their mother tongue and as thus will enable them to discuss ideas and understand their learning a lot better. They will begin to form their own ideas and vocalise these. 12 – 18 Years Young people now have a firm idea of their likes and dislikes. They will find that in the areas that they have their favourite ideas and subjects and will often pour all their efforts into it. They will be at an emotional time selecting GCSE’s and A Levels and as the year’s progress taking them. Many young people through this time often lack confidence and avoid situations which they are not comfortable. 16 – 19 Years As young people come to leaving full time education or continuing onto college, 6th Form and then University, they are filled with lots of choices, these can often be overwhelming. c)Social, Emotional and Behavioural Development 0-3 Years All children need help in finding out who they are and their personalities. All babies need to form strong attachment, most of the time this is with the primary caregiver, namely the mother. As a child begins nursery, some starting a lot earlier than others, they are allocated a Key Worker, this is the person that they typically have the strongest bond. All children at this stage will have tantrums, these mainly occur though frustration, simply because they cannot vocalise what they want. They will start to be encouraged to do things for themselves and this is very important in their social development. 3 – 7 Years At this age the children are finding out their identities. They will be developing their imagination and will socialise using this kind of play, including role play which they use to help define the different areas in their life, ie playing mummies and babies, doctors. They will often play in a fantasy land, fairies and the like. They are beginning to understand the purpose of rules and why they have to follow them. It is important to start delegating responsibilities to the children once they srart school. They thrive off approval at this age. 7 – 12 Years Friendships should become less tempestuous and more solid, giving children confidence in themselves. They require the chance to be more independent although will still need guidance, praise and encouragement. They will be very self aware of others thoughts and feelings towards themselves. 12 – 16 Years Self esteem at this age can be very vulnerable; this is typically because of the start of puberty. Although the body may have taken on the physical signs of adulthood their maturity is still catching up and may act very childish at times. They will want to be independent and spend more time with their peers. Sometimes they may not know how to act in their surroundings and struggle with the pressures of growing up and the expectations which are being thrust upon them. 16 – 19 Years These are young adults now. They will accept criticism and will need guidance and advice from adults around them. They will lack experience in areas and as they are individuals will vary in emotional maturity. Girls, as written previously will reach emotional maturity before the males. 1. 2Describe with examples how different aspects of development can affect one another. Although we have different headings for development, we are advised to remember that all aspects of child and young person’s development interlock. For example someone’s physical development also affects a person’s ability to become grow in confidence, thus helping them become independent and socialise well. 2. 1Describe with examples the kinds of influences that affect children and young peoples development including a)Background All pupils come from different backgrounds, environment, cultures and circumstances, no two children are the same. Many families have issues which they may be going through at home and haven’t informed school about. These can be one of many things, typically they can include, family break ups, the introduction of a new partner, bereavement in the family. These all have a major impact on a child’s development. b)Health If pupils suffer from poor health, physical disability or impairment it may restrict their developmental opportunities. For example a child who has a physical impairment may be unable or less able to participate in some activities. Emotionally this will have impacted the child as they will be in some cases be aware of their needs and may feel excluded. It is important as a school that we recognise the child’s inclusion in all aspects of schools. c)Environment We have to remember that a child’s environment is very important to their upbringing; they may live in areas of poverty or deprivation and thus struggle to thrive and respond to situations in school. If a child is a looked after child this can also affect development as they may not be achieving their targets. These children are very closely monitored by outside agencies and therefore any problems are easily addressed. 2.2 Describe with examples the importance of recognising and responding to concerns about children and young people’s development. If you have any concerns with a child’s development then it is imperative that you share your thoughts with others, initially this should be to the child’s class teacher who should refer the issues to the SENCO. In a secondary school you may wish to go straight to the SENCO. Often concerns will have been noted by others and it is important to inform others of your concerns as well. If possible you should give dates and examples for the reasons for your concerns so that they can be backed up. We must remember that the school should always inform the parents of any concerns which they may have with the child. 3. 1 Identify the transitions experienced by most children and young people. The transitions which are experienced by most children and young people are usual. Many involve the transition from home to pre-school, starting mainstream education, and in school life passing through year group to year group. If your school is only an infant school the child will have the transition from infant to junior school and then the transition to high school. Simple things like changes in timetable at school to change of staffing. The other change which will occur is that of puberty. 3. 2 Identify the transitions that only some children and young people may experience. The transitions that only some children and young people may experience are:- Bereavement Parental separation Parental change of partner The birth of a new sibling Moving house Change of carer (for looked after children) Illness or injury 3. 3 Describe with examples how transitions may affect children and young people’s behaviour and development. Transitions can affect children’s behaviour and development in many ways. We need to ensure that children in school feel secure and have positive relationship at all times but especially during these testing and upsetting times for them. An example of how the transition of bereavement may affect the child is that they may become withdrawn and quiet, be anxious and display uncharacteristic behaviour. Another example of a transition is that if a child is moving through year groups or schools, it may appear an exiting time and rightly so it is, but for some children, they struggle with this change and this is when they may begin to show uncharacteristic behaviour. In order to support children through this time we encourage visits to classrooms, meeting the teachers and support staff and giving them taster sessions. If a child is moving to their Junior School, visits are welcomed, open days/evenings, meeting the staff and giving them a taster of a day in the life at the new school. Many schools offer a buddy system whereby they have a child which they are friendly with from the same school, paired into the same class. This often creates something familiar for the child as well which eases the transition.

Operatinal Efficiency of Mumbai Dabbawala by Amol Dhok Essay Example

Operatinal Efficiency of Mumbai Dabbawala by Amol Dhok Essay Amol Ramesh Dhok under the guidance and supervision of Dr. V. G. Dhanakumar, Professor of Quality, Extension and Operations Management, Indian Institute of Plantation Management Bangalore, (IIPM) and no part of this Paper has been submitted for any other degree, diploma or publication in any other form. The assistance and help received during the Completion of this Synthesis Paper and source of literature have been duly acknowledged. (V. G. Dhanakumar) Place: IIPM, Bangalore. Dated: -21-12-2009 ABSTRACT Mumbai Dabbawala system is a unique system in Logistics and supply chain management dedicate to millions of employees whose firms are adapting six sigma methodologies to improve customer satisfaction, work process, profitability, speed efficiency of all kinds. Study of Mumbai Dabbawala generally carries the practice of six sigma which tell total management commitment philosophy of excellence, customer focus, process improvement rule of measurement rather than gut feel. Their way of doing business has, therefore, become a case study destination for every management guru and B-school. CII arranged interface for who’s who of industry and business to share great management lessons from them. Their mission is to serve their customers who are mainly office goers by delivering their lunch boxes at their doorstep on time. They have 5,000 people on their payroll to ensure the prompt deliver. They steal all attention just because their service is of Six Sigma qualities. We will write a custom essay sample on Operatinal Efficiency of Mumbai Dabbawala by Amol Dhok specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Operatinal Efficiency of Mumbai Dabbawala by Amol Dhok specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Operatinal Efficiency of Mumbai Dabbawala by Amol Dhok specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Six Sigma is a process that helps organizations focus on delivering near-perfect products and services. If you use Six Sigma you can measure how many defects there are in a process and can systematically figure out how to eliminate them and try and achieve zero-defect status. I will show you how six sigma makes you more competitive at every level. Six sigma eliminates wasteful variation, changes business culture and sustain greater productivity, profitability and customer satisfaction rate. Dabbawala is excellent example of six sigma and most of the company should use this technique which are getting the defects in their business and who want to improve their business condition. It will show you how it could help your company to save money and make customer happier. INTRODUCTION The six sigma story began with the Motorola in 1980 where it was first developed and proven. By changing the way you look at the process, by understanding vital few factors that cause waste, error, and rework you can improve the ability of your processes to deliver higher quality to your customer and lower to cost. Although most have heard the phrase Six Sigma, which has been an industry term ever since Motorola introduced the concept in 1986, many still do not know just what Six Sigma really is. For many business organizations and by general definition Six Sigma is the measure of quality that strives for near perfection. It is a disciplined, data-driven methodology focused on eliminating defects. A Six Sigma defect is defined as anything that falls outside of a customers specifications. The results reported below by Six Sigma companies are convincing about its contribution to industry. How many customers can your business afford to lose? How much money can your company afford to lose because of mistakes? Why accept it as normal to be running processes at only three sigma or four sigma when, by changing the way you manage your processes, you could get a lot closer to six sigma all resulting benefits. Mumbai Dabbawala is an excellent example to construed execute six sigma after Motorola. Using an elaborate system of color-coded boxes to convey over 170,000 meals to their destinations each day, the 5,000-strong Dabbawala collective has built up an extraordinary reputation for the speed and accuracy of its deliveries†¦ The system the Dabbawala have developed over the years revolves around strong teamwork and strict time-management†¦ The meals are then delivered-99. 9999% of the time, to the right address. By considering this fantastic example you can bring lot of changes in your business. Methodology of Mumbai dabbawala is excellent example of six sigma, JIT, TQM. Companies who are getting losses if they use dabbawala concept they will definitely improve their position in business world. Mumbai dabbawala Before cutting to the management mantras, lets understand a few facts about dabbawallas. The origin of the Dabbawalas lunch delivery service dates back to the 1890s during the British raj. At that time, people from various communities migrated to Mumbai for work. As there were no canteens or fast food centers then, if working people did not bring their lunch from home, they had to go hungry and invariably, lunch would not be ready when they left home for work. Besides, different communities had different tastes and preferences which could only be satisfied by a home-cooked meal. Recognizing the need, Mahadeo Havaji Bacche (Mahadeo), a migrant from North Maharashtra, started the lunch delivery service. For his enterprise, Mahadeo recruited youth from the villages neighboring Mumbai, who were involved in agricultural work. They were willing to come as the income they got from agriculture was not enough to support their large families, and they had no education or skills to get work in the city. The service started with about 100 Dabbawalas and cost the client Rs. 2 a month. Gradually, the number of Dabbawalas increased and the service continued even though the founder was no more. Their mission is to serve their customers who are mainly office goers by delivering their lunch boxes at their doorstep on time. They have 5,000 people on their payroll to ensure the prompt delivery of lunchboxes within Mumbai; these delivery boys travel by local trains and use bicycles or walk to reach every nook and corner of Mumbai. The lunch boxes are delivered exactly at 12. 30 pm. Later, the empty boxes are collected and taken back to the homes, catering services or hotels before 5 pm. In fact, the next time you forget to strap on your watch before leaving for office, dont be surprised to find it in the lunchbox container brought by the dabbawalla from your home! On an average, every Tiffin box changes hands four times and travels 60-70 kilometers in its journey to reach its eventual destination. Each box is differentiated and sorted along the route on the basis of markings on the lid, which give an indication of the source as well as the destination address. NMTBSA (Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Association) What is NMTBSA Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Association About NMTBSA History : Started in 1980 Average Literacy Rate  Ã‚  Ã‚   : 8th Grade Schooling Average Area Coverage   : 60 Km per Tiffin Box Employee Strength  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      : 5000 Number of Tiffin’s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : 2,00,000 Tiffin Boxes,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   i. e. , 4,00,000 transactions every day Time Taken  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : 3 hours (9 am 12 pm delivery of carriers,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2 pm 5 pm collection of empty carriers) Cost of Service  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : Rs. 200/- Rs. 300/- per month Turnover  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : Rs. 50 core per month approx. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE PRESIDENT VICE PRESIDENT GENERAL SECRETARY TREASURER DIRECTORS (9) MUKADAM MEMBERS (5000) How the dabba is delivered? ? The first dabbawalla picks up the Tiffin from home and takes it to the nearest railway station. ? The second dabbawalla sorts out the dabbas at the railway station according to destination and puts them in the luggage carriage. ? The third one travels with the dabbas to the railway stations nearest to the destinations. ? The fourth one picks up dabbas from the railway station and drops them of at the offices. ? The process is reversed in the evenings. Dabbawala methodology ? Error is horror, said Talekar while explaining the operational motto. In the event of a dabbawalla meeting with an accident en route, alternative arrangements are made to deliver the lunch boxes. For example, in a group of 30 dabbawallas catering to an area, five people act as redundant members; it is these members who take on the responsibility of delivering the dabbas in case of any untoward happenings. ? The dabbawallas must be extremely disciplined. Consuming alcohol while on duty attracts a fine of Rs 1,000. Unwarranted absenteeism is not tolerated and is treated with a similar fine. Every dabbawalla gets a weekly off, usually on Sunday. ? The Gandhi cap serves as a potent symbol of identification in the crowded railway stations. Not wearing the cap attracts a fine of Rs 25. ? There are no specific selection criteria like age, sex or religion; however, I have never seen a female dabbawalla. The antecedents of the candidates are thoroughly verified and a n ew employee is taken into the fold for six-month probation. After that period, the employment is regularized with a salary of Rs 5,000 a month. Need of the study of the dabbawala As management students, there was a lot that we learnt from this lecture,†. The belief that technology is indispensable to solve complex problems was shattered. FMCGs and other industries can learn a lot from the simple supply chain logistics and efficient reverse logistics (transfer of empty lunch boxes to the source location), ~ The concept of multi-level coding (co lour coding on the lunch boxes for identification) and reverse logistics can be implemented in industries as diverse as soft drinks (where logistics becomes an important aspect, transporting the filled bottles to retailers and collecting empty bottles back to the plants), pharmaceuticals and other FMCG areas. For example, can the bar coding mechanism (a computerized format) which is prevalent and expensive, be simplified with just colors/ number coding? In small and medium scale organizations where bar coding systems would require a lot of resources, these systems can prove to be very efficient and cost effective. Moreover, the dependence on technology could be drastically reduced. The learning’s for a working executive are enormous too. Managers and executives alike spend a lot of their valuable time learning various concepts in people and time management. Newer mechanisms like Customer Relationship Management, etc, have been developed to assist executives in the same. But, in the midst of implementing technology and IT, basic principles in people management, sustainable relationship development and customer satisfaction have lost their meaning. Our friendly dabbawallas are a perfect example of an important principle of both business and management the thirst to serve customers in a simple yet effective fashion without falling into the technology trap. I think this is an aspect which needs to be re-learnt and implemented in any organization today. What is six sigma? The Six Sigma quality certification was established by the International Quality Federation in 1986, to judge the quality standards of an organization. According to an article published in Forbes magazine in 1998, one mistake for every eight million deliveries constitutes Six Sigma quality standards. The Six-sigma rating means that they have 99. 99 % efficiency in delivering the lunch-boxes to the right people. That put them on the list of Six Sigma rated companies, along with multinationals like Motorola and GE. Achieving this rating was no mean feat, considering that the Dabbawalas did not use any technology or paperwork, and that most of them were illiterate or semiliterate. †¢ A statistical measure of the process or a product. †¢ A goal that reaches near perfection for performance improvement. †¢ A system of management to achieve lasting business leadership world-class performance. The six sigma approach to managing is all about helping you identify what you don’t know as well as emphasizing what you should know, and taking action to reduce the errors and rework that cost you time, money, pportunity and customers. The goal of six sigma is to help the people processes aim high in aspiring to deliver defect free product and services. Many companies believe that dealing with errors is just part of cost of doing business. But you don’t have to accept that faulty logic. With six sigma you can eliminate most errors, reduce your cost, and better satisfy customer. Es sential of the six sigma methodology †¢ Define the project, goals, deliverable to customers. †¢ Measure the current performance of the process. †¢ Analyze and determine the root cause of the defects. Improve process of eliminate defects. †¢ Control the performance of the process. Working of NMTBSA beyond the six sigma! Fantastic team work!!! Almost no errors in spite that the Dabba changes hand about six times ? The collection and delivery has to happen by lunch time ? It is amazing organization ? Approximately 5000 people working ? It is over 100 year old They carry Tiffin (Lunch box) from the home of customer and carry it to their workplace of work. e. g. from say housewife in Virar will give Dabba to him which will be delivered at Air India bldg on 11floor by lunch time (1 p. m. . They work with clockwork precision, but without computer program! They even brought couple of actual dabbawala to speak (he made an excellent power point presentation) ? Even Prince Charles and many other are wondering how they are sorting the dabbas so precisely. They use cycle, local train or they are on foot. Even in heavy floods they deliver. Lacs of people get cooked home made food. You must have seen such dabbawalas in Mumbai. Error Rate: 1 in 16 million transactions ? Six Sigma performance (99. 999999) ? Technological Backup: Nil. ? Cost of service Rs. 300/month ($ 6. 00/month) Standard price for all (Weight, Distance, Space) ? Rs. 36 Cr. Turnover approx. ? [6000*12*5000=360000000 i. e. Rs. 36 crore p. a. ] ? Earnings -5000 to 6000 p. m. ? Zero % fuel Zero % investment ? Zero % modern technology Zero % Disputes 99. 9999% performance 100 % Customer Satisfaction. DISCIPLINE ? No Alcohol Drinking during business hours ? Wearing White Cap during business hours ? Carry Identity Cards ANALYZED FROM THE MICHAEL PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL I. Threat of new entrants: According to Porter, the threat new entrant is dangerous to any organization as it can take away the market share the organization enjoys. Started in 1880, the experience curve of the 125-year-old dabbawalla service serves as a huge entry barrier for potential competitors. Besides, it would be difficult to replicate this supply chain network that uses Mumbais jam-packed local trains as its backbone. ii. Current competition: Porters five forces theory states that strategy is determined by a unique combination of activities that deliver a different value proposition than competitors or the same value proposition in a better way. The dabbawallas do face competition from fast food joints as well as office canteens. However, since neither of these serves home food, the dabbawallas core offering remains unchallenged. They have also tied up with many catering services and hotels to cater to the vast number of office goers. iii. Bargaining power of buyers: The delivery rates of the dabbawallas are so nominal (about Rs 300 per month) that one simply wouldnt bargain any further. Also, their current monopoly negates any scope of bargaining on the part of their customers. Thus, we encounter a perfect win-win combination for the customers as well as the dabbawallas. iv. Bargaining power of sellers: The dabbawallas use minimum infrastructure and practically no technology, hence they are not dependent on suppliers. Since they are a service-oriented organization, they are not dependent on sellers to buy their product. Hence, sellers do not assume any prominence as would be the case in a product-oriented company. The strategy map framework in Porters theory allows companies to identify and link together the critical internal processes and human, information and organization capital that deliver the value proposition differently or better. Human capital is the greatest driving force in the dabbawalla community; as a result, they are not dependent on suppliers or technology, thus negating the sellers power in the equation. v. Threat of a new substitute product or service: As substitutes to home cooked food are not seen as a viable alternative in the Indian scenario, the threat to the dabbawalla service is not an issue at least in the foreseeable future. This gives them a leeway to probably expand their already existing network into newer cities as demand increases in these places as well. Dabbawala and six sigma!! Mumbai’s 5000 plus Dabbawalas are world famous for their impeccable service standards. They pick up lunch boxes/ Tiffin carriers from over 2,00,000 homes/ apartments, deliver them to some 80,000 destinations and again ensure their safe return to those homes/ apartments – all on the same day with each lap of journey en route accomplished within the specified time limits. The people at work are not from any high academic background; rather many of them are almost illiterate. They face the same crowded pavements, on-road dense vehicular traffic and overloaded suburban trains, which normal office goers often give excuses for their late comings. Their way of doing business has, therefore, become a case study destination for every management guru and B-school. CII arranged interface for who’s who of industry and business to share great management lessons from them. A Dabbawala figured among a handful few from India who got invitations to witness the marriage ceremony of Prince Charles. Sometime back, there was lso an All-Dabbawala ‘Deal Ya No Deal’ show in Sony Entertainment TV. They steal all attention just because their service is of Six Sigma quality. Every business concern is made of a number of interrelated processes. When inputs are made to traverse through a process, they result into certain outputs (products services) serving either internal or external customers. A process is termed as industrial or commercial depending on wheth er 80% or more of the values derived are from machinery or from human activity, respectively. No matter how perfect a process is, no product/ service will come conforming to exact targeted specifications. It would always vary. However, when it varies within certain Lower Specification Limit (LSL) and Upper Specification Limit (USL) as acceptable/ agreed to or specified by the customers, then it is considered to be defect free or quality product/ service. Further, every opportunity of delivering a product/ service is also wrought with an opportunity for the occurrence of defect. When the Defects per Million Opportunity (DPMO) don’t exceed 3. 4, the process is said to have met Six Sigma level. And Mumbai Dabbawalas’ DPMO is less than 3. 4 or precisely, it is 2! ‘Sigma (r)’ denotes ‘Standard deviation’ – a statistical measure of dispersion/ variance. It is the positive square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of deviations of given observations from their arithmetic mean. Say, it is a midsummer and your organization wants to hold a three-hour business plan meet of your 100 sales persons. You look for a conference hall with right facilities and ambience, especially the room temperature which should be maintained throughout at 2210 C. And two hotels in the city also promised the same. When measured at every half an-hour interval in the one where you held your meet, it read as 18, 28, 30, 24, 20 and 18; the arithmetic mean value and ‘r’ being 23 and 4. 7, respectively. Whereas, had you gone to the other hotel, other things remaining same, the observed values of the room temperature would have been say, 23, 22, 24, 22, 23 24. Although the mean was the same 23, the ‘r’ being less at 0. 8, the service of the second hotel was more qualitative and would have given you more satisfaction. Hence the saying, ‘Company may celebrate mean but customers are bothered by the variance’. However, its process was still not conforming to Six Sigma level. With two observed values out of six not meeting the customer expectations (22! 10 C), the DPMO worked out to 333,333. 33 (i. e. , 2/6 multiplied by 1,000,000), which was hugely far from the required 3. 4! Benefits of higher Sigma level* Sigma Level |DPMO |Cost of quality | |2 |308,537 |Not applicable | |3 |66,807 |25-40% of sales | |4 |6,210 (Industry Average) |15-25% of sales | |5 |233 |5-15% of sales | |6 |3. 4 (World class) |lt; 1% of sales | | | | | The figures in third column indicate that if, for example, you purchase a product at Rs. 10,000/- from a company operating at 4 Sigma Level, you are being made to pay about Rs. 1500-2500/- (i. e. , 15-25% of sale price) towards the cost of inefficient processes deployed by the company to manufacture the item. Putting it in other way, the company concerned can reduce the price of the product by Rs. 500-2500/- if it fixes its faulty processes or improves/ recreates the processes. This measure would also help the company to increase its market share tremendously. Why do six sigma? Six sigma allows you to achieve the constancy of the purpose that is secret to success, focusing your efforts on understanding the variation in your processes and defects that results. Here are the basic results. Money Money is generally most important reason for using six sigma. Here are few questions to consider: †¢ What is cost of scrap? †¢ What is cost of rework? †¢ What is cost of excessive cycle times and delay? †¢ What is total cost of poor quality in your organization? What is cost of business loss because customers are dissatisfied with your product? Do you know the answers of these questions in terms rupee. If so then you know how important it is to reduce process variation and defects. If not, then you need to get the knowledge that gives you power to make necessary changes. Customer satisfaction Six sigma focuses on the critical- to quality expectation of your customers than what matter most. By using six sigma management methods, your company can target the vital few factors in your processes that are allowing variations and defects that keep you from meeting the critical to quality expectation of your customers. Quality Another reason for using six sigma is the value and impact of committing to quality as a very particular way. Consider only following advantages of improving quality †¢ It inspires employees. †¢ It instills a culture and an attitude. †¢ It creates an image in the market †¢ It attracts investors. Growth As you identify and correct process variation, you save expanses which mean money to invest in growing your business. As you meet requirement and expectation of your customers more effectively and achieve higher customer satisfaction you increase your income which means money to invest in growing your business. Competitive advantages Six sigma allows you to become more competitive regionally, nationally or globally. A company that reduces its costs of doing business, meets the expectation of its customers more effectively earns reputation for quality and pride will certainly enjoy advantages over its competitor. Conclusion Six Sigma, as developed by Dabbawala, is an extension of many existing quality tools and techniques, but with the addition of business accountability. This resulted in process improvement gains that increased productivity and profitability. Six Sigma organizations become forward moving organizations by adapting new tools and techniques and overcoming learning disabilities. A gauge of quality and efficiency, Six Sigma is also a measure of excellence. Embarking on a Six Sigma programme means delivering top-quality service and products while virtually eliminating all internal inefficiencies. A true Six Sigma organization produces not only excellent product but also maintains highly efficient production and administrative systems that work effectively with the companys other service processes. In administrative processes, Six Sigma may mean not only the obvious reduction of cycle time during production but, more importantly, optimizing response time to inquiries, maximizing the speed and accuracy with which inventory and materials are supplied, and fool proofing such support processes from errors, inaccuracies and inefficiency). Much can be achieved from programmes like Six Sigma with the active, consistent, innovative, continuous and widely apparent participation by top management. When implemented strategically, Six Sigma can help companies turn over working capital faster, reduce capital spending, make existing capacity available, produce better results from the design and RD functions. Such outcomes also foster a working environment that stimulates employee development, motivation, morale empowerment and commitment. References ? www. google. com ? Six Sigma for managers Greg brue ? What is six Sigma Pete Pande and Larry Holpp ? www. wiki. compedia ? www. Mumbai dabbawala. com 13 MEMBERS GENERAL SECRETARY