Maggie A Girl of the Streets

Maggie A Girl of the Streets The Basic Information about the Client Maggie is a youthful Caucasian lady in her twenties who originated from the Bowery neighborhood. Maggie chose to request the assistance of an expert without the effect of different people. The reason for the referral is the sentiments of depression and blame from which the lady endures. Maggie states that she likewise experiences negative considerations and the possibility of self destruction turned out to be fairly over the top. The lady is by all accounts anxious and depleted, her discourse and developments are fitful.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Maggie: A Girl of the Streets explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Background Information Maggie says she originates from the poor family living in the Bowery neighborhood of New York. Maggie and her two siblings were raised by the merciless dad and mother who experienced liquor misuse. The young lady developed meek and bashful, however she would have liked to get the great instruction, conquer neediness, and build up her insight and perspectives. Actually, Maggie’s instruction is poor, and her working experience depends on the work at the shirt plant. Disregarding the issues inside the family with the mother and sibling, Maggie trusted she could improve the circumstance. The lady started relations with her brother’s companion Pete, accepting the man could assist her with getting away from the destitution. By and by, the family didn't acknowledge the reality of Maggie’s relations, and the lady needed to venture out from home inclination blame for her corrupt conduct. The relations with Pete were stopped as a result of his goal, however the lady couldn't return back to her family. Subsequently, today, Maggie needs to function as a whore so as to acquire some cash, however she doesn't perceive any positive points of view in her life. The Psychological Profile Having focused on the data given by Maggie in the meeting, today is conceivable to express that Maggie experiences the issues related with such social issues as destitution and need to fill in as a whore. The lady can't acknowledge the reality, however she likewise doesn't see potential variations to beat the circumstances. Having evaluated Maggie’s mental state with the assistance of mental rating scales, it is conceivable to take note of that the lady experiences melancholic discouragement which can bring about creating self destruction thoughts. Besides, Maggie’s discourse is brimming with words with the negative implication, and she is fixed on her negative sentiments and feelings. The normal indications of clinical sadness are sentiments of misery, misfortune, dissatisfaction, and sadness which are experienced by Maggie. The lady likewise expresses that she feels being sold out by her family members and sweetheart since they relinquished her, and this inclination makes Maggie talk about herself as useless and void. Mor eover, she talks about her present situation as a whore as the aftereffect of her corrupt conduct and relations with Pete.Advertising Looking for exposition on american writing? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From this point, Maggie experiences rather inverse sentiments of blame and powerlessness which are the consequences of her certain aims to improve the existence conditions starting relations with Pete and her negative understanding of being ‘ruined’ and double-crossed by Pete. This passionate contention is powerful for Maggie, and its mix with the risky life conditions makes Maggie pick crafted by prostitute since she doesn't examine herself as deserving of the better life on account of the negative understanding. The consequence of these inward clashes is clinical melancholic despondency which is seen with references to Maggie’s proclamation of her trouble, tension, sadness, loss important to the lif e, and gloom. The indications of sorrow are watched while concentrating on the woman’s appearance. Maggie doesn't focus on her garments and appearance, she abstains from taking a gander at the questioner, and she is somewhat detached while telling about her issues. Suggestions and Therapies The manifestations of Maggie’s gloom can be remembered and rewarded, if an analyst centers around expanding Maggie’s confidence. The issue is in the woman’s protection from acknowledge her entitlement to carry on with the better life since she is fixed on her negative understanding. Be that as it may, the intricate treatment likewise incorporates the work situated to improving the social conditions which cause Maggie to feel disappointed. Therefore, Maggie ought to get the assistance as per the subjective social treatment. It is helpful to partake in the gathering of help. It is useful for Maggie to surrender her work as a whore and come back to the work at the process ing plant so as to change the economic wellbeing. In any case, Maggie can encounter a few troubles with changing the work in light of the fact that the lady feels that she can't acknowledge the better position due to her shameless conduct. It is important to concentrate on the treatment with a clinician so as to help Maggie comprehend the way that she isn't blameworthy in the issues of her family, yet she is sufficiently able to conquer the issues. Visualization There are high possibilities for Maggie to conquer her downturn. At the main phase of recuperation, Maggie should take a shot at her confidence and stay away from negative reasoning styles. Subsequently, Maggie can feel forces to change the work. The drawn out results of the treatment are simply the advancement of Maggie’s regard and will alongside changing the living situations. Maggie can get free from her family’s foundation with changing the region of the city or even the city itself. Maggie can likewise co ncentrate on correspondence with individuals since it is imperative to her to discover the harmony among naivety and doubt according to people.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Maggie: A Girl of the Streets explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Risk Management Knowledge And Uncertainity †Free Samples

Question: Examine about the Risk Management Knowledge And Uncertainity. Answer: Presentation We are constantly confronted with choices consistently that individuals are for the most part need to make with no positive information in regards to the outcomes. The amount of information that individuals have about the choice that must be settled on generously impact people groups last decision. On the off chance that individuals break down the range of information, it is perceptible two boundaries exist: flawless information and vulnerability. This at that point allures the inquiry where hazard lies in such a wide range. To address the above inquiry, this article assess just as talk about the significance of the expressions information, vulnerability and hazard (Rose et al., 2017). After having an away from of such terms, the inquiries identifying with the hazard can be tended to in subtleties. Hence, the announcement 'Information can be partitioned into vulnerability and immaculate information and the inquiry Where does chance fit into this range? can tended to in the accompanying subsections. The information and comprehension of hazard and riskmanagement frames the reason for thinking about where the hazard succumb to model, regardless of whether hazard is the quantifiable part of vulnerability (Shortridge, Aven Guikema, 2017). Conversation The information range is separated between the two limits of vulnerability and immaculate information. To get hazard and how hazard varies from vulnerability, there is a need to comprehend the significance of these expressions. The expressions hazard and vulnerability are used reciprocally in day by day discussion. This makes it very testing to comprehend their disparities. Verifiably, even the financial experts have errored by confusing danger with vulnerability and the other way around as they utilize these expressions freely. For example, Bastiat (1850) never made any sharp contrasts between the two expressions; hazard and vulnerability. Alluding to word reference, it is perceptible that hazard is characterized as the probability of misfortune or injury while vulnerability is characterized as something which is indeterminable or obscure without question. Along these lines, as for every day use, individuals will see that hazard alludes to the positive probability of a negative occa sion from happening though vulnerability doesn't really implies a worth judgment. All things considered, both hazard and vulnerability are equivalent in nature and allude to a condition where individuals can't completely anticipate the future (Scholten Fynes, 2017). Examination of hazard based on innovation and financial aspects, makes us see that hazard is communicated a quantifiable estimation of an occasion being went with the negative outcome. It is this deliberate as both the probability of the occasion occurring and the gravity of the outcome. For example, the probability of the bearing flopping over a time of a 5 years is 0.001%. The outcome of the coming up short of such bearing will finish in the motor to end working. These two converge into a solitary incentive to demonstrate chance. Correspondingly, in the board, a hazard connected to a choice will be the probability that the results will be not the same as the people groups expectation/desire. Thus, if individuals are arranging something, the hazard will be various occasions which can happen, that will prompt the task falling bogged down or go over the foreseen cost. As per the investigation completed by Knight (1921), chance is happens when the forthcoming occasions happens with quantifiable probability though vulnerability happens when the probability of the up and coming occasions stays vague or can never be determined. This infers with vulnerability, one can't anticipate the future result while chance is quantifiable and shows the probability of things to come event. From the above conversation, the qualification has been drawn between the unmeasurable (vulnerability) and quantifiable vulnerability (hazard). Hazard, in this way, means the quantifiable part of vulnerability. Hazard has been utilized according to quantifiable vulnerabilities or the probabilities of protection that gives certain approval to determining the expressions as just demonstrated. Hazard can, thusly, be assigned by the term target likelihood while vulnerability can be assigned by the term emotional likelihood. There is a viable differentiation among vulnerability and hazard. The qualification is that in the previous dispersion of result in a partner of examples is known (either by means of count from the earlier or from insights of past experience), while with regards to vulnerability, this is false, the intention being that it is deplorable to shape an accomplice of cases, since the setting managed is in an extraordinary degree elite. The best case of vulnerability is comparable to the activity of judgment or the arrangement of such opinions with respect to the approaching course of occasions, which sees (and not logical information) truly direct furthermost of the people conduct. With known dissemination of various potential results in an accomplice of cases, it is practical to wipe out any material vulnerability by gathering helpful or occurrences solidification. In any case, that it is attainable doesn't basically infer that it will be done, and people need to see at the beginning that where an unmistakable occurrence exclusively is at issue, there remains no differentiation for lead between a quantifiable hazard close by unmeasurable vulnerability (Walker, Davis, Stevenson, 2017). As effectively watched, the individual tosses his gauge of estimation of an offered input into the probability type of an accomplishment in b preliminaries (a/b) being the best possible capacity) and feels toward it as toward some random other probability condition. In like manner, it merits presuming that hazard is the quantifiable part of vulnerability. The announcement 'Information can be partitioned into vulnerability and immaculate information is along these lines approved and the inquiry Where does chance fit into this range? is addressed successfully. Westpac Banking Corporation The focal point of this errand 2 is to introduce a working counsel to Westpac Bank Corporation board on how they should move toward hazard. The board has embraced a Three Lines of Defense approach tomanagement of hazard that imitates its way of life of hazard is everyones business whereby all staffs are responsible for the recognizable proof andmanagement of hazard just as working with the foreseen chance profile of the Group. It is upon this premise I will introduce a nitty gritty guidance on how the board should approach. The recommended approach that board ought to embrace is the hazard situated dynamic procedure. Hazard Based Decision Making Process Stage 1: Establishing the Decision Structure The board needs to begin by comprehension and characterizing the choice which must be made. This underlying segment of hazard based dynamic is normally overlooked and henceforth merits extra consideration by the board. The board needs to play out the accompanying strides to achieve this basic segment. (1a) the board must characterize the choices by explicitly portraying what choices must be embraced. (1b) The board needs to decide the should be occupied with choices by recognizing just as requesting contribution from key partners. These partners must be engaged with dynamic, and those to be influenced by activities emerging from the dynamic procedure. (1c) the board must recognize the choices accessible to them. They need to depict the decisions accessible to them. This will help them center endeavors exclusively around issues liable to impact the decision among believable choices. (1d) the board needs to distinguish the components which will impact choices close by hazard factors. (1e) the board then needs to assemble data with respect to the variables which impact partners. The board will perform specific investigation like hazard appraisal and cost reads for estimating the choice variables. Stage 2: Perform the Risk Assessment Assorted sorts of dangers are noteworthy factors in a few sorts of choices. Basically, hazard the board must utilize chance evaluation to get: (I) what terrible things can happen (ii) how likely the awful things to happen (iii) how extreme the impacts could be. The board needs to comprehend that the terrible things of intrigue can be security and wellbeing misfortunes or property misfortunes. Hazard evaluation will differ from very straightforward, individual judgment by people to amazingly complex appraisal by specialists. The board needs to pick the correct way to deal with give the necessary data without workaholic behavior the issue. The board will attempt the accompanying advances: (2a) setting up the hazard related inquiries which needs answers. The board will choose what questions, if accurately replied, would profit the dangers bits of knowledge required by them to decide. (2b) The board will than decide the hazard related data required to respond to the inquiries. They will at that point depict the data basic to address singular inquiry brought up in the past advance. The board should determine the accompanying for every data: information type required, exactness, conviction required other than investigation of assets accessible (Shortridge, Aven Guikema, 2017) (2c) The board will at that point select the hazard investigation instruments which will most successfully build up the required hazard related data. (2d) The board will at that point set up the extension for investigation devices. The board will set the important physical or explanatory restriction for the examination. (2e) The board will at that point create hazard based data using the investigation apparatuses. The board will apply the chose chance examination instruments. This could require the utilization of various investigation apparatuses and could connect with certain iterative examination. They should start with a general, low-subtleties examination and progressing towards an inexorably explicit, high-detail investigation (Schurr, De Tuya Noll, 2017). Stage 3: Applying the outcomes to hazard the board dynamic The board should concentrate on bringing down hazard as could reasonably be expected. They may acknowledge the hazard now and again and change the hazard to be acknowledged. The

Basic Concepts of Checksum or CRC Integrity Checks, Checksum and CRC C Assignment

Basic Concepts of Checksum or CRC Integrity Checks, Checksum and CRC C Assignment Basic Concepts of Checksum or CRC Integrity Checks, Checksum and CRC Checks Inadequacy for Security â€" Assignment Example > The paper “ Basic Concepts of Checksum or CRC Integrity Checks, Checksum and CRC Checks Inadequacy for Security” is an informative example of an assignment on logic and programming. Advantages of TCP for a proposed application layer protocol It is independent of the operating system It supports multiple routing. TCP for proposed application layer protocol allows networking to other firms TCP for the proposed application layer protocol allows multiple computers to set up. Disadvantages of TCP for a proposed application layer protocol Set up requires complex knowledge while management of TCP for proposed application layer protocol requires trained employees. TCP for proposed application layer protocol is slower than IPX TCP for proposed application layer protocol has higher overhead Advantages of UDP for a proposed application layer protocol UDP allows both multicast and broadcast connections/ transmission. UDP for proposed application layer protocol allows faster operation Disadvantages of UDP for a proposed application layer protocol It is not reliable since there is the possibility of failure of UDP to deliver a packet, first time, second time or failure completely Requires manual breaking of the data into packets It has no flow control Part (b) â€" In PowerPoint slides Question 2The functionality of the following socket API calls for writing a client-server application using TCP is briefly explained as: accept()- This socket API call is used to accept incoming connections from the client. The server calls accept() and incoming calls are accepted. this is blocking socket as it waits for the response of the network before returning. The example is: bind()- this ensures that a certain port is reserved and associated with a certain socket and is only used by that port. The exampleclose()- this closes the socket by closing the connection. This will ensure that the port in use is freed for other uses. Example: connect() â€" this helps the client connect with the server. He calls to connect () and a connection is established. This socket API call does block as it does return immediately and it can be used in receiving or sending. The example Ilisten()- this ensures that TCP protocol to listen for any networking being made. This socket API call does not block as it returns immediately and it can not be used in receiving or sending. examplerecv()-this ensures that TCP protocol to receive a connection from the client. This socket API call does block as it returns immediately data has been received. Examplesend()this ensures that TCP protocol sends a connection from client. This socket API call does block as it returns immediately data has been sentsocket()-socket call is made in closing the socket that will be used for any function. The example is Question 3The link from Router A to Router B has historically shown data integrity errors at a rate of approximately 0.01% packets discarded on both ends of the link. In the last month, these have climbed to over 3% of packets discarded. Reviewing the IT support documentation repository, one of the networks team identifies that new Wiki software was installed on the webserver at the same time (connected to Router A). The likely causesThe new Wiki software has caused network intrusion leading to the breach of security. The software installed was designed to gather some information even it is no harmless. The management should uninstall the software since it is causing network problems. This technology can fundamentally allow for the division of networks into three componentsâ€" the network, subnet address, and host. There are several advantages offered by subletting. It can cut down on network traffic because broadcasting to hosts becomes restrained to individual subnets. It affords flexibility by way of allowing the customization of the number of hosts and subnets for every organization. Subnets improve address utilization, minimally impacts on externally located routers, and also reflects the physical network

Hawaii State Unit Study - Geography, State Symbols Facts

These state unit studies are designed to help children learn the geography of the United States and learn factual information about every state.ÃÆ'ƒÂ‚ÃÆ'‚   These studies are great for children in the public and private education system as well as homeschooled children. Print the United States Map and color each state as you study it. Keep map at the front of your notebook for use with each state. Print the State Information Sheet and fill in the information as you find it. Print the Hawaii State Map and fill in the state capital, large cities and state attractions that you find. Answer the following questions on lined paper in complete sentences. State Capital What is the capital?Virtual Walking TourState Flag What do the eight stripes of white, red, and blue represent?State Flower What is the state flower?Coloring pageState Bird What is the state bird and what does it like to eat?A close up of the State BirdState Fish What is the Hawaiian name for this fish?State Marine Mammal What is Hawaiis state marine mammal?Whale MazeState Tree What is the Hawaiian name and the common name of this tree?State Song Who wrote the state song?State Seal What was the phoenix a symbol of?Picture of state seal.Hawaiis Native Seal What does ilio-holo-i-ka-uaua mean?State Motto What is the state motto and what does it mean? Hawaii Printable Pages - Learn more about Hawaii with these printable worksheets and coloring pages. Hawaii State Symbols Quiz How much do you remember? Did You Know... List two interesting facts. Eight Major Islands - What are the eight major islands? Hawaiian Island Wordsearch Hawaiian Glossary - Learn some Hawaiian terms! Find Your Name in Hawaiian My name is Peweli (Beverly), whats yours? Interactive Hawaiian Dictionary Want to know how to say something in Hawaiian? Hula - Hawaiis Art and Soul Read about the Hula and listen to The Sounds of the Hula. The Big Luau - Read a brief history of the luau, the read da rules, then on to the menu Other Hawaiian Recipes Coloring Pages - Click on a picture to print and color! Wiki-Wiki Scavenger Hunt - Can you find the answers to the questions? (print out and include in notebook) Virtual Field Trips of Hawaii - Pick an island and choose where you want to go! Crossword Puzzle - Do this Hawaii crossword puzzle. Crossword Puzzle - Try your hand at this Marine Life Crossword Puzzle. The Hawaiian Tree Snail - Learn more and do an origami project. The Pacific Green Sea Turtle - Learn more and do an origami project; coloring page. Opihi - The Hawaiian Limpet - Learn more then enjoy these activities: Opihi Origami; Color An Opihi; Opihi Maze Pulelehua - Learn more then enjoy these activities: Make A Pulelehua Origami; Color A Pulelehua; Pulelehua Maze King Kamehameha - Learn about King Kamehameha; coloring page; crossword puzzle. Ocean Diorama - Print and fold marine wildlife and assemble an Ocean Diorama. Hawaii Quiz - How much do you know about Hawaii? Odd Hawaii Law: It used to be illegal to insert pennies is ones ears. Additional Resources: Introducing the email course Our 50 Great States! From Delaware to Hawaii, learn about all 50 states in the order they were admitted to the Union. At the end of 25 weeks (2 states per week), youll have a United States Notebook filled with information about each state; and, if youre up for the challenge, you will try recipes from all 50 states. Will you join me on the journey?

Latin Demonstratives as Personal Pronouns

Describe Functions of Management Free Essays

Bachelor of Science HIV/AIDS Management and Community Development Student Name Runganga Fanuel Pharquior Assignment: Describe functions of management citing examples Management is the organization and coordination of the activities of a business in order to achieve defined objectives. Management is often included as a factor of production along with machines, materials, and money. According to the management guru Peter Drucker (1909-2005), the basic tasks of management include both marketing and innovation. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe Functions of Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Practice of modern management originates from the 16th century study of low-efficiency and failures of certain enterprises, conducted by the English statesman Sir Thomas More (1478-1535). Management consists of the interlocking functions of creating corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing an organization’s resources in order to achieve the objectives of that policy According to Peter Drucker management can be described as the organization and coordination of the activities of an enterprise in accordance with certain policies and in achievement of clearly defined objectives. Management is often included as a factor of production along with machines, materials and money. Peter Drucker (1909–2005)†Management is a multi-purpose organ that manages business and manages managers and manages workers and work. Mary Parker Follet, simply states that â€Å"Management is the art of getting things done through people. † Many scholars who have studied management have come up with different definitions of management and its functions and some like Luther Gullick have come up with a list functions of management that include planning, organizing, directing, staffing, co-coordinating, reporting abbreviated (PODSCORB). However most scholars notably Koontz and O’Donnel are agreeable that the most important functions of management can be trimmed to only five namely planning, organizing staffing, directing and controlling. Planning involves mapping out exactly how to achieve a particular goal. It gives direction to the organization and enables managers to determine strategies to achieve organizational goals. Say, for example, that the organization’s goal is to improve company sales. The manager first needs to decide which steps are necessary to accomplish that goal. These steps may include increasing advertising, inventory, and sales staff. These necessary steps are developed into a plan. When the plan is in place, the manager can follow it to accomplish the goal of improving company sales. Planning can be short term or long term, and ensures proper utilization of human and non-human resources thus helps in minimizing confusion ,risks, wastages and uncertainties. Planning is important in forecasting and catering for unforeseen adverse events by putting contingency measures in place. For example hospital managers may have an emergency plan in place to handle things like disease outbreaks or accidents. Henri Fayol argues that to organize a business is to provide it with all the necessary resources for it to function fully. Organizing is the process of bringing together physical financial and human resources in order to achieve organizational goals. After a plan is in place, a manager needs to organize a team and materials according to the plan. Assigning work and granting authority are two important elements of organizing. The organization process involves identification of what is supposed to be done, classification of activities, assigning of duties, and delegation of responsibility and authority. An example can be of a farm manager who is faced with a planting season with a group of workers and many fields and crops to plant. He has to quantify the amount of work to be accomplished over a given period thus organizes his staff into small groups each with a foreman responsible for tillage, planting, irrigation etc. He should go on to come up with a time frame when he expects the tasks to be performed and ensure that all the resources required that include seed, fertilizers etc are in place for the task to be accomplished in time. Staffing is concerned with keeping adequate staff levels to keep the organization well manned all the time. This involves having the right person for the right job and the main purpose is selecting the properly qualified person for the job. It might also involve staff development by organizing on job training or training and retraining of staff to meet the dynamic demands of the organization. After a manager discerns his area’s needs, he may decide to beef up his staffing by recruiting, selecting, training, and developing employees. A manager in a large organization often works with the company’s human resources department to accomplish this goal. An organization might acquire new machinery and realize that they need new members of staff to operate the machine or an organization may soon realize that their enterprise is growing and need more staff to man its new branches. Directing deals mainly with setting in motion the action of people in an organization and is involved with supervising, motivating, leading, and communicating the goals of the organization to the workers. Directing involves supervising how work is done and ensuring staff is motivated enough to accomplish the organizational goals by offering incentives to ensure workers have a zeal for work. Managers might discover that in order to accomplish a task in time there is need to work long hour and may find it fit to provide food on site and also introduce incentives for the workers prepared to work overtime. After the other elements are in place, a manager’s job is not finished. He needs to continuously check results against goals and take any corrective actions necessary to make sure that his area’s plans remain on track. Directing consists of a process or technique by which instruction can be issued and operations can be carried out and goals achieved as originally planned. Controlling implies ensuring that everything is in conformity with set standards to achieve organizational goals. It involves measuring the accomplished against the set standards. According to Koontz and O’Donnell controlling is the measurement and correction of performance activities of subordinates in order to make sure that the enterprise objectives and plans are accomplished. The process is concerned with establishment of standard performance, measurement of actual performance, comparison of actual with the set standards and isolating deviations if any and finally corrective action. The success of any organization big or small hinges on the quality of its managers and more often than not enterprises run by poorly equipped mangers in terms of knowledge depth usually operate poorly and eventually collapse whilst those run by astute mangers flourish and prosper. References 1. Harold Koontz and Cyril O’Donnel, Essentials of Management (1976) 2. Henri Fayol, (1841-1925), Principles of Management 3. Luther Gullick (1937), Science of Administration 4. Mary Parker Follet (1900-20) Classic School of Management 5. Peter Drucker (1909-2005), The Principles of Management 6. Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) Oregon State University How to cite Describe Functions of Management, Essay examples

WAN Designing Multinational Grocery Chain

Question: Describe about the WAN Designing for a Multinational Grocery Chain? Answer: Introduction: with our modern era and havoc use of Internet, our modern communication has been facilitated and also offers advanced solutions to make transaction and other business processes much faster. Organizations and every individual in todays world are connected with each other via Internet withits different methodologies and topologies across the world. There are numbers of network topologies are used for different zones or part across the world those are used to connect different departments or parts of an organization located at different location. Those network topologies are namely WAN, MAN, LAN. There are numbers of network equipment are in use to connect different terminals with this type of network topologies. Being connected with each of these network infrastructures, each and every terminal or user equipment must require interface id and must contain their unique IP address to be known across the internet. All of these IP addresses are unique and these IP addresses are used to find the source and destination of some specific systems. There are numbers of adopted technologies and tools are there to let the employees or the security personal to be trained for the instalment of such devices that can provide the ultimate training and for new joiner and other less knowledgeable person to handle the network enabled devices more safely and effectively. Background: In previous times there are numbers of organizations across the world who were indulged in providing their information across the world some old methods such telegrams, sending letters through some recognized bodies or the organization. Though those methods take maximum of times to send some data or though bunch of papers or being present at different location form one geographic location at another geographic location (Chun, 2015). That has reinforced humans to focus upon different methodologies and technology driven aspect to adopt and on the other hand use of these technology driven systems have been instigated by the havoc use of internet. Nowadays numbers of organizations have adopted several technologies to connect their different portions of their organization with the help of LAN, MAN or WAN (Chtelain, Blanger, Tremblay, Gagnon Plant, 2009). These network topologies are much more useful connect different parts of the organization and share resources and file accordingly with in fractions of time. This system on the other hand helps to increase the use of system resource among several users by decreasing the cost of engaging same resources more than one. Being connected with each of these network infrastructures, each and every terminal or user equipment must require interface id and must contain their unique IP address to be known across the internet (Cuda, Indre, Le Rouzic Roberts, 2012). All of these IP addresses are unique and these IP addresses are used to find the source and destination of some specific systems. There are numbers of adopted technologies and tools are there to let the employees or the security personal to be trained for the instalment of such devices that can provide the ultimate training and for new joiner and other less knowledgeable person to handle the network enabled devices more safely and effectively (Deng et al., 2015). Different type of network design: There are numbers of network designs are there, for example, LAN, MAN and WAN. LAN is known as Local Area Network. LANs are connected within a limited geographical area. For example, use of network within the range of school, home, college and etc. Computers are situated within a limited area and linked with each other. LAN can be expanded over the limited distance, i.e. 1km in radius. It is possible to have communication between different terminals, i.e. form one computer to another computer (Faro, Giordano Spampinato, 2012). As all of the computers are connected with each other with different interface and port and there are no central computer hence all are able to play similar job. On the other hand LANs are usually self-owned, managed and controlled by a single expertise or by an organization. There are numbers of network equipment are in use for LAN deployment, those are routers, switches, bridges and repeaters. LAN helps to communicate with the user and to transfer files much faster. It is possible to connect a single LAN with the WAN or other LANs (Giuliano, Gordon, Pan, Park Wang, 2011). WAN is denoted as Wide Area Network. WAN are generally used to connect large geographically areas such as a continent and countries across the world. WANs are spread all over the world that may contain the 100000 kilometre radius that is between the earth and satellite. There few numbers of devices are used in WAN are modems, server and routers. WAN are used to connect different LANs and provide access to the computers or to the other equipments and resource those are outside the coverage area general LAN system (Hrehorowicz-Gaber, 2015). MAN is denoted as Metropolitan Area Network. MANs are used to connect several LANs in a common geographic region. MAN s can be expanded with within the range of 5 to 50 KM in diameter. MANs are not usually owned or deployed for a single organization rather they are owned by a group of users provided by a single network provider. Network providers sell services to a group of users. Man can be considered as the expanded version of LAN that will allow users form different groups to share their resources within a more expanded are compared to LAN (Ismail Said, 2015). Implementation plan: Suppose we have a grocery chain, CHILKART, CHILKART in US and its another branches are expanded across the different locations of Germany, Spain and India. To have a smooth flow of data across different parts of CHILLKART it is required to have the strong network infrastructure and to connect different parts of CHILLKART, no doubt it is required to have use of WAN and required network equipment. Before that it is required to connect local parts of the CHILLKART (Kliazovich Granelli, 2007). To show the LAN design I will be choosing the local parts of CHILLKART within a single limited region. US branch of CHILLKART have different stores within different parts of US. To connect different parts of CHILLKART within the US we will router switches and also require transmission mediums across the organization to capture the network. These regional networks of CHILLKART are connected with the different parts of the organizations situated at different region of different nation (Kundu Pradha n, 2015). For example, it is required to place a router within an organization located at US and a server that will provide different IP addresses for different system located at different place whether it is national wide or international wide. CHILLKART will be totally dependent upon the centralized data centre. If a WAN outage occurs, remote location will be unable to fetch data for the centralized data centres (Kuo, Ni, Sunderrajan Manjunath, 2014). The demand for the WAN bandwidth continues to increase day by day. Nowadays recent trend is more leaning towards the use of Ethernet as the WAN access media, so that it can deliver data with high bandwidth. Even there are numbers of performance sensitive applications those can easily be affected by the packet loss, delay and jitter (Li, Chen Zhang, 2015). It is the functions of the network foundation to provide the fault-tolerant and effective application that can differentiate the traffic and can make the system intelligent enough to take load sharing decisions while congestions occur in the network. Without considering the WAN technology the WAN must be able to provide the intelligent prioritization network traffic and must be able to queue that traffic along the best possible route (Mouzehkesh, Zia, Shafigh Zheng, 2015). The CHILLKART will choose few of the WAN designing methodologies for transporting data to its destination for backup links and primary links: Internet 3G/4G plan with the VPN enabled WAN. Dynamic Multipoint VPN Internet using VPN WAN Layer 2 WAN with the association of VPLS or Virtual Private LAN Services or Metro Ethernet. MPLS WAN in association with Layer3 Virtual Private Network (Nadarajah Nirmalathas, 2011). To control the operational cost it is required to take support of the WAN offered reliability and support. Because most of the WAN technology covers the functionality to transport the multidimensional data, such as voice, video, data via a single and centrally managed infrastructure. As organization is moving for the global business market, it is necessary for CHILLKART to adopt all these networking trends to be to attract numbers of employees and retain potential employees (Vahidnia, Palmer, Ledwich Ghosh, 2015), i.e. use of WAN using VPN and use of MPLS which is Layer 2 WAN. Nowadays companies are aimed to consolidate their data across the organization. Consolidating data from different terminal situated at remote location to a central data repository. This scenario helps when there is huge number of terminals get populated across the organization and authorities across the organization want access the log of the each system performance sitting at remote location. On the other hand Application optimization can speed up network performance along with the much security and improved application delivery. For example, the CHILLKART will be using the Cisco WAN optimization technique, then CHILLKART is bound to use the Cisco Application Services or the Cisco WAAS, which is an architectural solution that consists set of tools and techniques that will work together in a systematic approach to offer the best possible solution across the industry by reducing overall cost (Yan, Zhang Sun, 2015). Application optimization using WAN will provide numbers of advantage those are: Advanced and user experience by enhancing the range of bandwidth and reducing the latency. On the other hand routers are used to break the broadcast domain and connect different zones; in this case, Cisco routers give the best possible solution for the flexible deployment. Centralized management of data and managing operations in a centralized way to give opportunity to optimize the devices (Zhang Chen, 2012). Wan optimization design model: The design for WAN optimization for the remote sites needs to be based on the site-specific characteristics. The general topology used for several remote sites is almost same while there is a chance to use WAN. Characteristics of several WAN get cleared, when configuration of WAN router takes place. There are 3 WAN aggregation design models: MPLS Static MPLS Dynamic Dual MPLS The MPLS WAN-aggregation design involves two or more WAN edge routers. WAN edge routers are referred when it the context of making connection from sender to receiver. All of the WAN edge routers are connected into the LAN distribution layer (Zhang, Chi, Zhengbin Anshi, 2012). On the other hand the WAN transport options use the MPLS VPN considering it as a primary or secondary transport. Each of the transport connects to the dedicated CE router. Each of the design models uses connection of LAN as a collapsed distribution or core distribution layer or the dedicated distribution layer for WAN. WAN using the VPLS or the Virtual Private LAN Services: Ethernet has become the traditional way in the LAN technology and basically due to distance limitations of the available media and due to the unavailability of dedicated fibre or copper links. Layer 2 WAN transports are available from service providers and are able to extend various layers to control traffic of different types over a Wide Area Network. The most common use of Layer 2 WAN are in use to provide the Ethernet over WAN implementation using either point to multipoint or point to point service (Zhu, Zhang Mukherjee, 2005). Service providers across the industry are indulged to implement these Ethernet services using numbers of methods. There are numbers of network topologies are in use by the service providers, for example use of several Ethernet switches in various topologies, so that it became possible to provide services on Ethernet LAN2. This service is also known as metro Ethernet. Layer 2 WAN services supports a subscriber model in which service provider always stays clear and the organization implements routing form layer 3; this scenario on the other hand allows a more flexible WAN design and the interconnection between the remote sites (Cuda, Indre, Le Rouzic Roberts, 2012). On the other hand the point to point service allows the interconnection between two LANs. Point to multipoint LAN services allows the interconnection between more than two LANs. There are so many other services that include trunked and simple demarcation. With the help of trunk mode, the interconnection between LANs using 802.1Q VLANtagging that provide the transport of several VLANs on a single access truck. Use of internet with VPN WAN: The internet is an integration of large scale public WAN and multiple interconnected services providers are there. It has become possible for Internet to offer reliable highperformance connectivity between the various locations. Though it may lack any kind of clear guarantees for these kinds of connections, best effort services are available within the coverage area and the Internet is the best possible choice for the primary transport when it is not much feasible to transport via other medium. There are numbers of primary LAN service for WAN transport is there, for example use of Layer 2 WAN or use of MPLS are offered using Internet as an alternative transport options (Chtelain, Blanger, Tremblay, Gagnon Plant, 2011). Being connected with the Internet, it includes discussion close to the internet edge. Remotesite routers need to have internet connection as a common fact, though Internet connections do not provide services of same breadth at every location. There are numbers of secu rity reasons behind the routing of internet connections through the primary sites. Sometime industries across the world demand dedicated private connection with their client and they demand for the VPNs form the service provider. These VPNs are much secure than the publicly or openly used Internet connections such as use WiFi or easily accessible LAN service (Faro, Giordano Spampinato, 2011). Conclusion: With havoc use of internet there are numbers of functionalities have been used made it easy to communicate with the peers and to other systems by decreasing the cost of duplicate system resources. The demand for the WAN bandwidth continues to increase day by day. Nowadays recent trend is more leaning towards the use of Ethernet as the WAN access media, so that it can deliver data with high bandwidth. Even there are numbers of performance sensitive applications those can easily be affected by the packet loss, delay and jitter. It is the functions of the network foundation to provide the fault-tolerant and effective application that can differentiate the traffic and can make the system intelligent enough to take load sharing decisions while congestions occur in the network. On the other hand use of these resources have introduced have numbers of ethical dilemma. With the advent of application developers and networks administrator, numbers of intruder have introduced their presence. Eve n there are numbers of tools and applications have been introduced to steal customer data and they make illegal use of them. Hence numbers of methodologies have been adopted to restrict the illegal use of system resources and data. For example, imposing security mechanism at command level interface and or applying executive level security mechanism in routers will enable restriction on the unauthorized use of system resources. There are numbers of patches are available for the each system application and iso of the routers. While security mechanisms are concerned, there are numbers of security mechanisms are in use, those are namely use of encrypted passwords for each of the interface of the router. Being connected with each of these network infrastructures, each and every terminal or user equipment must require interface id and must contain their unique IP address to be known across the internet. On the other hand use of IPV6 addressing can also increase the network and capacity an d its tunnelling technique for transferring data from IPV4 router to IPV6 router is much more secure. All of these IP addresses are unique and these IP addresses are used to find the source and destination of some specific systems. There are numbers of adopted technologies and tools are there to let the employees or the security personal to be trained for the instalment of such devices that can provide the ultimate training and for new joiner and other less knowledgeable person to handle the network enabled devices more safely and effectively. References Chtelain, B., Blanger, M., Tremblay, C., Gagnon, F., Plant, D. (2011). Topological Wavelength Usage Estimation in Transparent Wide Area Networks. J. Opt. Commun. Netw., 1(1), 196. doi:10.1364/jocn.1.000196 Chun, K. (2015). The Effects of Metropolitan Industrial Complexes on the Relocation of Firm -Focused on Daegu Metropolitan Area. Jkpa, 50(2), 33. doi:10.17208/jkpa.2015.02.50.2.33 Cuda, D., Indre, R., Le Rouzic, E., Roberts, J. (2012). Building a Low-Energy Transparent Optical Wide Area Network With Multipaths . J. Opt. Commun. Netw., 5(1), 56. doi:10.1364/jocn.5.000056 Deng, X., He, L., Li, X., Liu, Q., Cai, L., Chen, Z. (2011). A reliable QoS-aware routing scheme for neighbor area network in smart grid. Peer-To-Peer Netw. Appl.. doi:10.1007/s12083-015-0331-5 Faro, A., Giordano, D., Spampinato, C. (2010). Evaluation of the Traffic Parameters in a Metropolitan Area by Fusing Visual Perceptions and CNN Processing of Webcam Images. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw., 19(6), 1108-1129. doi:10.1109/tnn.2008.2000392 Giuliano, G., Gordon, P., Pan, Q., Park, J., Wang, L. (2011). Estimating Freight Flows for Metropolitan Area Highway Networks Using Secondary Data Sources. Netw Spat Econ, 10(1), 73-91. doi:10.1007/s11067-007-9024-9 Hrehorowicz-Gaber, H. (2015). Role of green areas for space integration of Krakws Metropolitan Area. Bulletin Of Geography. Socio-Economic Series, 28(28). doi:10.1515/bog-2015-0016 Ismail, W., Said, I. (2015). Integrating the Community in Urban Design and Planning of Public Spaces: A Review in Malaysian Cities. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences, 168, 357-364. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.241 Kliazovich, D., Granelli, F. (2011). Packet concatenation at the IP level for performance enhancement in wireless local area networks. Wireless Networks, 14(4), 519-529. doi:10.1007/s11276-006-0734-6 Kundu, P., Pradhan, A. (2015). Online identification of protection element failure using wide area measurements. IET Generation, Transmission Distribution, 9(2), 115-123. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0276 Kuo, T., Ni, Z., Sunderrajan, S., Manjunath, B. (2014). Calibrating a wide-area camera network with non-overlapping views using mobile devices. ACM Transactions On Sensor Networks, 10(2), 1-24. doi:10.1145/2530284 Li, Z., Chen, M., Zhang, G. (2015). Variable-rate transmission method with coordinator election for wireless body area networks. Wireless Networks. doi:10.1007/s11276-015-0917-0 Mouzehkesh, N., Zia, T., Shafigh, S., Zheng, L. (2015). Dynamic backoff scheduling of low data rate applications in wireless body area networks. Wireless Networks. doi:10.1007/s11276-015-0929-9 Mouzehkesh, N., Zia, T., Shafigh, S., Zheng, L. (2015). Dynamic backoff scheduling of low data rate applications in wireless body area networks. Wireless Networks. doi:10.1007/s11276-015-0929-9 Nadarajah, N., Nirmalathas, A. (2012). Upstream access and local area networking in passive optical networks with a single reflective semiconductor optical amplifier. J. Opt. Netw., 7(5), 513. doi:10.1364/jon.7.000513 Vahidnia, A., Palmer, E., Ledwich, G., Ghosh, A. (2015). Wide-area control through aggregation of power systems. IET Generation, Transmission Distribution. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.1206 Yan, H., Zhang, Q., Sun, Y. (2015). Local information-based congestion control scheme for space delay/disruption tolerant networks. Wireless Networks. doi:10.1007/s11276-015-0911-6 Zhang, Y., Chen, J. (2012). Wide-area SCADA system with distributed security framework. J. Commun. Netw., 14(6), 597-605. doi:10.1109/jcn.2012.00025 Zhang, Z., Chi, Y., Zhengbin, L., Anshi, X. (2012). Dual-fiber optical burst switching network: A novel architecture for metropolitan area networks. Photon Netw Commun, 24(1), 47-57. doi:10.1007/s11107-011-0366-3 Zhu, K., Zhang, J., Mukherjee, B. (2011). Ethernet-over-SONET(EoS) over WDM in Optical Wide-Area Networks (WANs): Benefits and Challenges. Photon Netw Commun, 10(1), 107-118. doi:10.1007/s11107-005-1698-7

Down the Staircase through the Gates of Scorn Nixons Impeachment

Major historic events are quite hard to evaluate as exactly positive or negative, mainly because there are extremely many people involved, some of them benefitting, some of them taking considerable losses. However, it goes without saying that some of the historic events are incredibly confusing and leaving an entire nation or even the whole world at a loss of words.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Down the Staircase through the Gates of Scorn: Nixon’s Impeachment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such is the infamous President Nixon’s impeachment, sadly known as the Watergate scandal. Tracking the course of events that led to a turn in Nixon’s presidential career, one can rethink the event and possibly decide whether the Watergate scandal is as scandalous as it is believed to. No matter how weird that can sound, one of the first steps towards Nixon’s impeachment was made by Nixon himsel f, and this step was the president’s foreign policy. Although Richard Nixon did manage to establish cooperation with China and the Soviet Union, the issues with the Latin America and the losses taken in the Vietnam War did have their impact on the United States economy, causing people’s discontent. In addition, the home policy that Nixon used to address the above-mentioned issues was not welcomed with open arms – the Nixon shock was quite an unfortunate experience for the USA. To top it all, the oil embargo of OAPEC made the economical prospects even gloomier and became the straw that broke the camel’s back. However, the economical and financial crises were only the settings for the final act of Nixon’s career as a president. The third step that brought Nixon’s retreat closer was the secret operation carried out in the White House and bearing the name of the White House Plumbers. At first believed to be an attempt at burglary, the break-in i nto the White House turned out a cover-up for setting wire-tapping equipment in the premises, which raised a tremendous scandal and triggered further investigations. Since the people nicknamed as â€Å"plumbers† belonged to Nixon’s administration, the president was supposed to be considered the primary suspect – and he was. However, it was not only the fate to blame for Nixon’s impeachment – the way the president reacted to the fact that the entire nation mistrusted him could hardly be seen as adequate. After his attempts to make Cox, the special prosecutor, to dismiss Attorney General Richardson and William Ruckelshaus, Richardson’s deputy, the notorious Saturday Night Massacre took place, which led to another surge of distrust towards the president.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At first it might seem that Nixon was to blame for what had hap pened. On a second thought, however, one must remember that there has never been the evidence that could prove completely Nixon’s involvement into the Watergate case. In addition, it is important to remember that the mass media played incredibly important role in the case, shaping the nation’s opinion about the Watergate scandal. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Watergate scandal was quite a painful yet necessary step in the USA political and social development. A stage in the progress of the country, it provided a lesson to learn and a peculiar study on the world of politics and the way it works. Despite the fact that the accusations that Nixon had to face seem quite legit, the evidence used as the main proof of the quote-unquote fraud is still quite questionable and the reasons that Nixon provided for his self-defense seem rather logical. Making people think of responsibility rather than the politics, this is one of those events that people never speak of and yet never forget. This essay on Down the Staircase through the Gates of Scorn: Nixon’s Impeachment was written and submitted by user Ph1ll1p to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The reality of Andrew Jackson essays

The reality of Andrew Jackson essays Andrew Jackson, who was believed to be a man of dignity and self respect, was in addition, incredibly undemocratic. Jacksons followers presented him as the hero to the common man and although Jackson as well viewed himself as a man of the people, he was anything but that. Even though born in a log cabin, in truth he was no frontiers man at all, rather a wealthy farmer. He lived luxuriously by building a highly successful career in Tennessee in regards to law, politics, land speculation, cotton planting, and soldering. Through his action with the establishment of the spoil system, the imposing of tariffs in South Carolina, forced removal of the Native Americans and the destruction of the Bank of United States, it is obviously clear that Jackson was not for the common man as people had perceived him to be. In 1828, the year he was elected president, his biggest support came from the west and south, in which the overwhelming majority of people were from the farming community. Several implications can be made as to why Jackson was undemocratic. As the dictionary so eloquently states, democracy is defined as attempting to treat people of all classes in the same way. Once in power, Democrats who were immensely suspicious of the federal government had created the spoil system which rewarded political supporters with public office. Although Jackson defended the spoil system by declaring every man is as good as his neighbor and why should there be an encouragement for a development of an aristocracy, ironically Jackson was considered to be a frontier aristocrat, who owned many slaves, cultivated broad acres and owned one of the most expensive mansions at the time. Another unfairness that was demonstrated occurred in South Carolina with the issue of the tariffs. The Tariffs protecte d the American industry against competition from the European manufactured goods, however it also drove up prices for the Americans and...

Gender Diversity at the workplace in the Financial Industry Dissertation

Gender Diversity at the workplace in the Financial Industry - Dissertation Example This is mostly due to the perception that the female employees tend to have low level of skills therefore they should not be deal with more complex needs of the clients. It is also due to this reason that women are specifically assigned to the roles which are people specific but requires very little or moderate level of skills. This research study adapted the qualitative research approach to understand and explore as to how women face the discrimination in the financial services industry. Introduction Diversity is a relatively diverse concept with different variables being included in the workplace diversity. These variables range from gender, race as well as cultural backgrounds and values each of different variables having strategic importance for the firm. It is therefore critical that the firms must develop their strategic HRM strategies in a manner which value diversity and gender equality. The aim of this dissertation is to show the benefits and importance of women at workplace in general and specifically in financial industry. . Financial industry is going through some strategic changes with many international firms are making layoffs in order to be more competitive and sustain their profitability. What is also important to note that financial services industry is relatively male dominated though at the customer services level as well as the client dealing level, many women work as important employees of the organization. Since financial industry typically operates in a manner that on one hand, it has to deal with the retail customers face to face whereas for its corporate customers it has a relatively different setup. Typical firms in financial services industry include banks, securities firms, and insurance as well as real estate sectors. The overall composition of the workforce in the financial industry therefore varies from particular sector of the industry. Financial industry is typically considered as an industry which requires risk taking and it i s generally believed that men are better at managing risks as compared to women. It is however, critical to note that these trends are now changing with women are increasingly managing large investment amounts. These trends indicate that financial institutions are willing to attract and retain the female employees. The fact that organizations like UBS and Goldman Sachs have female executives indicates that the large organizations in the financial services industry are willing to attract and retain female employees. Despite the fact that women form important part of the overall workforce in financial services industry however, gender inequality as well as gaps is relatively higher in the industry as compared to other sectors of the economy. Issues such as pay gaps are common in the financial services industry. Equality and Human Rights Commission has specifically highlighted the gender inequality within the financial services industry. The commission conducted investigation regarding the persistent sex discrimination as well as the pay unequal pay and highlighted strong evidence about the industry practices. Various other surveys have also highlighted specially the issue of unequal pay between men and women working in the financial services industry critically highlighting the need to boost the morale of

Defining Quality issues at Johnson & Johnson Research Paper

Defining Quality issues at Johnson & Johnson - Research Paper Example Johnson & Johnson Incorporated is a diversified company whose main focus is on the healthcare industry. The company focuses on the Six Sigma quality process through which quality assurance is maintained. This process is used in the 275 different operations that the company holds. However, in the last five years Johnson & Johnson has had to recall a number of different products because of poor manufacturing standards. Despite claims of a high manufacturing quality control, it is clear that with the number of problems they have experienced that they have yet to reach a level of consistency that is required in order to provide products in the healthcare industry. Because of the number of problems that Johnson & Johnson has experienced in the last few years, the company is in need of strict improvement that consists of lowering their percentage of defects in order to keep the public safe. Established in 1887, Johnson & Johnson Incorporated is engaged in research and development along with manufacturing and the sale of a broad range of items that relate to the healthcare field. They represent a family of companies which span the healthcare industry through wide diversity of interests. There are more than 128,700 people working for the company in the 275 individual companies under their umbrella. They operate out of more than 60 countries with their worldwide headquarters in Brunswick, New Jersey. According to Reuters (2014) there are three main business segments through which the company operates: pharmaceutical, consumer, and medical devices and diagnostics. The subsidiaries that operate underneath the company umbrella include 146 manufacturing facilities which total about 21.6 ft. ² of operating floor space. Johnson & Johnson is the six Sigma quality process in order to assure that the products that they creates are

Impact of Privatisation without Effective Regulation

Impact of Privatisation without Effective Regulation Discuss the view: Privatisation without effective regulation is unlikely to bring significant benefits to developing countries. Despite its abundance around the world, and the apparent high esteem that governments hold it in, regulation is no longer seen as the panacea it once was. Regulation must not be over used. Put simply, regulation provides benefits but also incurs costs. Regarding the benefits, Garg and Karba, quoted in Jacobs (2006: 5) have said that, â€Å"it is widely acknowledged that sound regulation is the key to good governance and increased regulatory effectiveness in turn means a better government.† At the same time, the European Parliament (2002) has drawn attention to, â€Å"The problems of over-regulation, the doubtful quality of the laws and the economic obstacles that arise in consequence are increasingly the subject of debate.† Whenever regulation is contemplated, it is necessary to assess whether the costs of such regulation are outweighed by the benefits they provide. This is achieved using Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA), which involves â€Å"a systematic process for assessing the significant impacts (positive and negative) of a regulatory measure† (Jacobs, 2006). This paper looks at the potential benefits and costs that result from regulation of privatised industries in developing countries and whether privatisation without regulation is capable of benefitting a developing economy. The costs of regulation are generally economic, with regulation creating compliance costs for companies, and enforcement costs and added layers of bureaucracy for governments. The benefits may be economic, such as increasing competition in a market, but may also be institutional, increasing a government’s institutional capacity, or social, raising an awareness of the regulated issues among policy makers or the general public which would not otherwise have been present. From a governance perspective, regulation may improve the efficiency and transparency of the government and increase its institutional capacity, but there is also a risk that the added bureaucracy might create new opportunities for corruption and rent seeking. This paper looks therefore, not o nly at the economic costs and benefits of regulation, but also from a governance and social perspective. Furthermore, Bayliss (2002) has pointed out that there has been a shift in emphasis when assessing the effectiveness of economic reforms in developing countries. As she points out, â€Å"Greater attention is now paid to the poverty impact of economic policies in developing countries. Whereas previously the focus was on macroeconomic reforms, effectiveness is now considered in terms of the impact of policies on the poorest.† This can be seen in the recent replacement by the World Bank of Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) with Poverty Reduction Strategies (PRSs), and similarly with the International Monetary Fund’s (IMFs’) change from offering Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facilities (ESAFs) to offering Poverty Reduction and Growth Facilities (PRGFs) in 1999 (Bayliss, 2002: 2). Therefore, when assessing the benefits of regulation of privatisation, this paper will do so from the perspective of poverty reduction where possible, as opposed to merely macroeconomic benefits. Finally, it must also be borne in mind that privatisation is a complicated and often disputed process. Therefore, when this paper will also examine many of the difficulties that privatisation can raise for the development of an economy and will look at the many instances in which privatisation will create challenges for the economy which regulation will not be able to assist with. Regulation: costs and benefits Looking first at regulation of privatisation, the OECD (2001) has pointed out that when conducted correctly, and with effective regulation, including the inclusion of effective RIA measures, â€Å"[regulation] will increase the understanding of the impact of government policies, help unite different interests and approaches to problems, improve public governance transparency and increase the responsibility in public resource management.† Regulatory best practice dictates that regulations should be drafted so as to minimise the burdens they place on the regulated sector while achieving the desired results. However, it has also been pointed out that regulations often have unintended side effects that impact on groups who were not intended to be the targets of the regulation (European Parliament, 2002). Garg and Kabra (2004) have identified four issues that must be considered if regulation is to be effective: firstly all the impacts of proposed regulation, including unintended impacts, must be considered; secondly, the policy objectives of the regulation should be carefully examined to ensure that they do not conflict and to ensure also that all objectives are adequately addressed by the proposed regulations; thirdly, development and implementation of the regulatory framework must be carried out in an inclusive, consultative and transparent manner; and fourthly, the government and the regulator must be accountable. If these four requirements are met, then according to Garg and Kabra (2004), the process of regulation also â€Å"has the potential to be a force for open and democratic government.† However, such regulation, according to Jacobs (2005), are not of benefit to all types of government. He states, â€Å"the prevailing wisdom is that benefits correspond to those of democracies or ‘good government’. [Regulation and RIA] support legal governments which observe the rule of law with proportionate and equitable law. An accountable government is promoted through assessing direct costs and benefits that citizens will incur and selecting policies on the basis of best value for money, taking into account redistribution effects.† Clearly, there are significant benefits to be gained if the right type of government goes about regulation in the correct manner. If the regulations are developed in a consultative manner then they will also help raise awareness of the relevant issues. Effective regulation of core industries, as well as open and accountable RIA procedures are also â€Å"considered as fostering processes conducive to democracies† (Jacobs, 2005). However, if an autocratic or corrupt government were to regulate the industry the same benefits would not be reaped. It is difficult to see how such governments would go about creating a consultative and transparent regulatory regime in any case. This means that they would find it difficult to create a regulatory regime that adequately addressed the myriad different objectives of the regime. It would also mean that there is a high risk that the regulations put in place would have side effects for other, supposedly non-regulated sectors, which would furt her increase the burden of regulation. It is suggested in this paper that regulatory frameworks implemented by immature or non-consultative governments are likely to lack the necessary degree of subtlety that is gained when proper consultative processes are in place, and therefore, the regulations put in place by such regimes may be damaging. To conclude, if regulation is to be of any benefit in the privatisation process, it must be carried out by a responsible and open government, using consultation and adopting regular Regulation Impact Assessments. Otherwise, regulation alone will be of no benefit and will merely add an extra layer of bureaucracy, cost and possibly corruption, into the equation. Also, if regulation is carried out correctly, it will have the side effect of increasing the institutional capacity and expertise of the government. The European Commission (2002), in assessing Slovakia’s regulatory measures stated, â€Å"despite the progress made over the past year, the major need now consists of building up adequate administrative structures and strengthening of administrative capacity to implement the acquis.† Clearly, in order to be of benefit, regulations require certain institutional elements to be put in place by the government. This includes proper oversight of regulators as well as procedures to assess the impact of regulations and the effect they are having on industry. Therefore, it is again suggested that regulations put in place by administrations which lack capacity for effective RIA may also prove damaging to a privatised industry. Even where the government is genuinely democratic and seeks only to improve the performance of the regulated industry for the good of citizens, if it does not have adequate institutional capacity it may find it difficult to pull this off without harming the economy. Privatisation: the challenges for alleviating poverty and the potential for regulation to assist Looking next at the process of privatisation, Bayliss (2002) has pointed out that privatisation has long been one of the favoured methods by which international financial institutions (IFIs) have sought to alleviate poverty in developing countries. However, she states that they were popular when macroeconomic considerations were the main concern of the IFIs and that they have continued into the present days of poverty reduction largely on an assumption that what is good for the macro economy is good for poverty reduction. She states, â€Å"the impact of privatisation on poverty has so far been neglected in World Bank analysis. The distributional impact of privatisation transactions will depend on the nature of the enterprise in question.† Privatisation is generally seen as a benefit both because it raises revenues for the government, while at the same time increasing competition in core and vital sectors of the economy, such as the provision of utilities and transportation. The degree to which a privatisation generates revenue for government depends on the price achieved for the company sold. However, as stated above, benefits today must be assessed according to the poverty alleviating affect, rather than their merely structural effects and from this perspective, the main benefit of a privatisation is far more likely to be the better service that citizens or customers get from the privatised industry. This of course will vary depending on the nature of the industry and the degree to which it is essential to poor people, and also the degree to which the industry has been monopolised by the national company. The privatisation of an essential industry such as water or electricity, previously supplied by a single company, is likely to have a larger impact on poverty reduction than the privatisation of a state owned steel mill for example, especially if there are already private steel mills operating in the sector. If the service offered by the industry to be privatised is actually used by the poor, then the potential benefits to the poor are naturally higher (Bayliss, 2002). Likewise, since much of the improvement in an industry post privatisation comes from increased competition, the market share of the national industry prior to privatisation is also highly relevant. It was the Berg report (Williams, 1981: 186) that first drew IFI attention to privatisation as a means of locking-in economic improvements in Africa. The World Bank had been pursuing a policy of public sector reform, with Africa’s public sector seen as both dominating the private sector and under-performing. However, when improvements in efficiency were made in the public sector, they often proved difficult to maintain as governments would go back on the difficult policies that had led to the improvements. It was concluded in the Berg report that privatising an underperforming public industry would be far more difficult for a government to ‘undo’, so to speak. According to Bayliss and Cramer (2001) â€Å"privatisation acquired its own momentum and became a panacea for all that was wrong with the economies of industrialised and developing countries.† Rebranded today as Private Sector Participation, the World Bank and the IMF still promote privatisation, have made it part of their conditionality arrangements with most states for the release of aid funds, and have increased the capacity of their own divisions dealing with the private sector (Grusky, 2001). Even privatisation of basic services has been made a requirement for IMF and World Bank programmes (Bayliss, 2001a). Privatisation is now a core part of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) with the Uganda PRSP stating for example, â€Å"In the long run privatisation will transfer the need for major investment expenditures on to the private sector† (IMF, 2000). The Burkina Faso PRSP states it will begin the, â€Å"privatisation of existing state interests in order to facilitate the entry of new firms, resources, and technology into various segments of the market† (World Bank, 2002). Privatisation strategies are also a requirement for countries to qualify under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) programme. One result of these conditionalties is that it incentivises governments of poor countries to privatise without taking into account adequately the economic benefits of doing so, especially the impact that privatisation might have on the poorest members of society. Privatisation deals will be pushed through in order to meet IMF and World Bank requirements regardless of the results of economic studies (Bayliss, 2002). One example of this was the hasty privatisation of Cameroon’s sole water utility when only one bidder had time to come forward. It is difficult to see how the best price could be achieved for the utility without proper bidding from multiple competing bidders. However, according to Reuters (2000), the utility was sold to the French MNC, Suez Lyonnaise in order to meet an IMF debt relief deadline regardless of the fact that the best price might not have been achieved. From an examination of statements by the World Bank and wider literature there appears to be five ways in which privatisation can bring significant benefits to developing countries from the point of view of poverty reduction. These five potential benefits will now be critically assessed, with special attention being paid to the degree to which regulation impact on such potential gains. The first general argument in favour of privatisation is that it contributes to economic growth. Economic growth is necessary to reduce poverty. However, Bayliss (2002) and Cook and Uchida (2001) have pointed out that the link between privatisation and economic growth in developing countries is an assumption based on experience in developed economies and has not been substantiated in the literature of the World Bank or the IMF. Furthermore, there is no evidence to suggest that regulation would impact on the degree to which privatisation might impact on economic development. Bayliss (2002) and Cook and Uchida (2001) both reject that privatisation necessarily leads to economic growth. It is also suggested here that economic growth cannot be regulated for. For example, forcing private operators to increase production through regulation, without there being a demand would be unsustainable. Therefore, it must be concluded that the argument that economic growth generated from privatisation has a significant impact on poverty reduction is not shown, either from past experience or from empirical literature. And furthermore, regulation will not have an impact on this fact. Secondly, the World Bank (2001) and others (Adam et al 1992) have argued that privatisation leads to Private Sector Development (PSD) and thus helps in reducing poverty. While PSD has been shown to impact positively on poverty reduction, privatisation has not as yet been linked empirically to PSD (Bayliss, 2002). The World Bank and IMF â€Å"see the mission as being the need to harness the dynamism and efficiency of the private sector to make it operate for the social good† (Bayliss, 2002). It is true that in efficient and competitive markets firms must strive for efficiency and innovation in order to maximise profits and even survive. However, as argued by Bayliss (2000) â€Å"where there is any kind of market power exercised by a single or group of enterprises, the implications for the social good come into question.† The link between privatisation and private sector development made by the World Bank and IMF is an assumption that has not been substantiated and the re asoning of the World Bank here has been harshly criticised in the literature (Bayliss, 2001b). The World Bank claims that privatisation improves the public sector in two ways. Firstly, according to Kikeri et al (1994), privatisation will increase the number of stakeholders who have an interest in the success of the countries private sector. Secondly, Kikeri et al (1992) have pointed out that privatisation is a signal to investors that the government is committed to PSD and thus investment will be encouraged. However, Bayliss (2002) has pointed out that, according to past experience in developing countries, private actors have done more harm than good to the private sector when they are put into monopolistic positions. It is only when effective regulations are put in place and enforced that the private actors have shown any tendency to behave in a manner conducive to PSD. This has led Bayliss (2002) to conclude that â€Å"it is not privatisation that will develop the private sector; rather it is the government, through effective regulation.† She argues that such regulation will develop the private sector regardless of whether or not privatisation takes place, however, it is suggested here that if effective government regulation is in place and is enforced, then the arguments of Kikeri et al (1992) and Kikeri et al (1994) should hold true, and therefore, privatisation with effective regulation will greatly improve PSD. Ramamurti (1996) for example, has shown that privatisation in Latin America, coupled with effective regulation, has been accepted by the markets as a positive signal to investors. It should be noted however that the same benefits have not as yet been demonstrated in Africa. Bayliss (2002) has suggested that â€Å"arguably, government concessions and guarantees are a greater attraction for investors than a commitment to private sector led growth.† However, it is concluded here that a government commitment to PSD, coupled with effectiv e regulation to prevent private sector abuse, should be capable of showing the same benefits in Africa as it has in Latin America if it is sustained by governments. Therefore, in this second category, privatisation can be of benefit to a developing economy, however, this will be true only if proper regulation is established. The third way in which privatisation helps with poverty reduction is by raising government revenues through the sale of the asset. The sale will also free the government from the obligation to invest in the industry, thus providing further fiscal benefits (Campbell-White Bhatia, 1998). The World Bank (2001) state, â€Å"Urban power, water, sanitation and telecommunications require large investments, even if efficiency is improved. But much of this funding can come from the private sector – indeed, privatisation can be a source of revenue for cash-strapped governments.† The idea being that such savings can â€Å"enable [governments] to conserve limited public resources for other priorities, such as education and healthcare† (World Bank, 2000). However, Campbell-White and Bhatia (1998) have shown the very obvious fact that private firms only want to buy profitable enterprises. Their study of privatisations in Africa shows that on aggregate, the industries that had been privatised up until 1998 in Africa had not been a financial drain on governments. It is very difficult to see many cases in which private investors will be willing to purchase loss making enterprises and then make the investments necessary to improve public services for the poorest. This fundamental fact was demonstrated by Biwater President, Richard Fleming, when his company pulled out of a private water project in Zimbabwe which was designed to bring water to some of the country’s poor. It emerged that the water tariff that had been agreed with the Zimbabwean government , and which would have allowed the project to operate at a profit, was too high for the intended customers to afford. Whiting, in an honest and realistic press release to the Zimbabwe Independent of 10 December 1999, stated on behalf of Biwater, â€Å"Investors need to be convinced that they will get reasonable returns†¦ The issues we consider include who the end users are and whether they are able to afford the water tariffs†¦ From a social point of view, these kinds of projects are viable but unfortunately from a private sector point of view they are not.† It is inevitable that if the numbers simply do not add up, then the greatest will and best practices in the world will not enable the private sector to be involved in an industry. It is suggested here that sound regulation will not be able to alter this fact. The Zimbabwe Biwater case illustrates this point. The company and the government had carefully negotiated a project that was fair to everyone and would have been well regulated. Biwater was to build the infrastructure, and make a return by charging customers a tariff which had been agreed with the regulator. The problem was simple economic reality. The intended customers could not afford the tariff that the regulator had set and which the company needed to justify the investment. Government guarantees to investors, such as guaranteeing a certain profit margin, or promising to purchase the output of a project at a guaranteed price, it is suggested, return the financial risk to the government and remove any fiscal benefits that pr ivatisation might have been able to provide. Bayliss and Hall (2000) have identified a number of projects in which national or regional budgets have been crippled because of commitments to purchase products from privatised industries at fixed prices. Therefore, from the point of view of raising revenue for the government, privatisation may be of benefit. However, regardless of how much money a government gets for selling an asset, such gains will only be lasting if the project as a whole is feasible and the private company is able to operate at a profit. Therefore, in this third category of generating revenue for government, it is essential that the project is a success for the private company, the end user and the government, and the only way to ensure this is if effective and consultative regulation has been put into place prior to the initiation of the project. Fourthly, it is argued that privatisation will not only bring in revenue and investment, but also foreign expertise and management practices which will increase efficiency and performance. The argument that private sector management will be better than public sector management may be true in some situations but there are dozens of well known, multi-billion dollar privatisations in which the new management failed and the industry had to come back into public sector responsibility (Bayliss, 2002). For example, when Trinidad contracted out management of the island’s water supply to UK company, Severn Trent in 1996, the company promised, through better expertise and international management best practices, to make water supply on the island break even financially within three years. However, at the end of the three year term, Severn Trent had increased the budget deficit of the utility to $378.5 and handed the industry back to the government, at the end of their contract, in a sta te of financial emergency. Regulation may be of assistance here as it can ensure that private sector management is supervised and that any failings or poor practices by the private industry will be quickly caught by the regulator. This can help avoid situations such as referred to above in which the private company has allowed an industry to deteriorate to such an extent that the government has had to step in to remedy the situation. It is suggested here that if regulation is effective and well drafted, it should decrease the risks that private management will fail drastically in its task. However, if the good management practices of the newly privatised industry are coming from the government regulator rather than from the international expertise that have been imported during privatisation, then it is difficult to see how such private expertise are of any benefit to a country. However, there are numerous cases in which privatisations have improved an industry because of internatio nal private sector expertise and it is suggested here that regulation is simply a safeguard. While it is always hoped that privatisation will lead to the importing of new private management who will be able to improve performance because of their expertise, the risk that they will fail is also insured against by close and effective regulation. In this case therefore, regulation removes or reduces one of the risks of privatisation, that the private management will be incompetent. The fifth and final argument that privatisation helps a local economy is that it will cause a release of aid funds. As stated above, aid funds are often conditional upon privatisation. For example, when Guinea handed management of the capital’s water sector to the private sector it received an extra $67 million for investment in water infrastructure (Bayliss, 2002). Menard, Clarke and Zuluaga (2000) have shown that many privatisations have been pursued solely to receive extra aid and in economic impact assessments, the extra aid is often what tips the scale in favour of privatisation. Nickson (2001) has described how the privatisation of Cartagena’s water system by one mayor was only continued by the incoming mayor because of the aid funds that were tied to the deal. Without the tied in aid funds, the incoming mayor would have strongly opposed the privatisation on a number of economic and social grounds. However, it is pointed out here that the inflow of aid funds is no t an inherent benefit of privatisation and only ensures that privatisation appears to be good for the economy. In fact, tying aid to privatisation makes it very difficult to assess the economic benefits of privatisation at all. It is like trying to assess the economic contribution of an industry that receives large government subsidies. The subsidies mask the true performance of the industry and make it’s economic contribution difficult to ascertain. It is suggested here however that if aid is also conditional on privatisations being regulated, then clearly there is an economic benefit to regulation, simply because it will meet with donor approval and cause the release of further funds. Conclusion To conclude therefore, if regulation is to be of any benefit, it must be conducted by a democratic and transparent government who is willing to address the many costs and benefits of regulation. The government must also conduct RIA to ensure that the regulations themselves do not become a burden on the industry or distort the economics of the privatised sector. That said, in relation to the five ways in which privatisation is said to help an economy, regulation can only impact positively on some of them. With regard to the argument that privatisation contributes to economic growth, it has been shown that regulation is not a useful tool to ensure this occurs. With regard to the argument that privatisation contributes to Private Sector Development, it is concluded here that regulation is necessary and effective. Without such regulation there is a risk that privatised firms will behave in a monopolistic and abusive manner. Therefore for privatisation to improve the public sector, it must be properly regulated. With regard to the argument that privatisation has fiscal benefits for the government, this will only be the case if the privatised industry is carefully regulated so as not to create costs for the government in the event of bad management. However, in this regard, the terms of the privatisation agreement are more important than regulati on. With regard to the argument that privatisation brings in foreign expertise, this is true in many cases but again, in order to reduce the risk that the privatised firms perform poorly, regulation is again necessary. And finally, with regard to the argument that privatisation attracts aid, insofar as aid is conditional on privatisation being regulated, then regulation has a direct benefit of pleasing aid agencies. Therefore, while the benefits of privatisation are still being disputed, with regard to the World Bank’s five asserted benefits of privatisation, four of them are enhanced if effective regulation is in place. Therefore only way in which developing countries can benefit from privatisation is with effective regulation. Bibliography Adam, C., Cavendish, W., Mistry, P.S. (1992) Adjusting Privatisation: Case Bayliss, K Cramer, C (2001) Between the lab and the real world, Chap. 3, pp.52-79 Development Policy in the Twenty-First Century, Fine, Pincus and Lapavitsas (eds.) Routledge Bayliss, K. (2001a) Privatisation of electricity distribution: some economic, social and political perspectives, A PSIRU Report for PSI, April 2001, available online at www.psiru.org/reports/2001-04-E-Distrib.doc Bayliss, K. (2001b) Privatisation and the World Bank: A Flawed Development Tool, Global Focus vol. 13, June 2001 Bayliss, K. (2002) Privatisation and Poverty: The Distribution Impact of Utility Privatisation, Centre on Regulation and Competition, Working Paper 16, January 2002 Bayliss, K. Hall, D., (2000) Independent Power Producers: A Review of the Issues, A PSIRU Report for PSI, available online at http://www.psiru.org/reports/2000-11-E-IPPs.doc Brook Cowen, P.J. (1999) Lessons from Guinea Water Lease, Public Policy for the Private Sector Note No. 78 Campbell-White, O., Bhatia, A., (1998) Privatisation in Africa, IBRD, Washington DC Cook, P. Uchida, Y. (2001) Privatisation and Economic Growth in Developing Countries, Centre on Regulation and Competition, Working Paper No. 1, University of Manchester, October European Commission (2002) Communication from the Commission on Impact Assessment, Brussels, 5 June European Parliament, DG for Research (2002) Working Paper on Development and current practices in the EU member states, on the EU level and in selected third countries, Legal Affairs Series, Luxembourg Garg, A. Karba, M. (2004) Regulatory impact assessment: key to good governance, SAFIR Newsletter, pp. 8-13 Grusky, S (2001) Global Challenge Initiative ‘IMF Forces Water Privatization on Poor Countries, available online at www.wtowatch.org/library/index.cfm IMF, (2000) Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper: Uganda, available online at www.imf.org/external/NP/prsp/2000/Uga/o1/ Jacobs, C. P. (2006) Public Enterprise, Privatisation and Regulation, Regulatory Governance: Research Centre for Regulation and Competition, British Council Development Service, 2006 Kikeri, S., Nellis, J., Shirley, M. (1992) Privatisation: The Lessons of Experience, Washington DC, World Bank IBRD Kikeri, S., Nellis, J., Shirley, M. (1994) Privatisation: Lessons from Market Economics, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 9, No. 2, July 1994 Menard, C., Clarke, G., Zuluaga,

On Dillard’s An American Childhood

Dillard’s essay An American Childhood relives a moment in the author’s past which she could not forget as the particular event stirs a certain kind of awareness within her; something that she still carries and that continues to affect her even as an adult. It is the idea of carrying through a challenge or task that she is facing at the moment with fervor and conviction, of forgetting everything for the sake of the goal however little or even stupid it might seem to others.This theme is put into words when the author describes how during the chase he realizes â€Å"†¦an immense discovery, pounding into my hot head with every sliding, joyous step, that this ordinary adult evidently knew what I thought only children who trained at football know: that you have to fling yourself at what you’re doing. You have to point yourself, forget yourself, aim, dive (par. 12). †In narrating his experience, Dillard uses several techniques, the most obvious of which is when she compares a general event from his childhood (that of playing ball) to a specific one (an incident which happened one winter when he was seven years old). The general event is supposed to provide the point of reflection to the specific event so that the reader would understand the extent to which the specific event affected her later in life.The lessons, the author says, which she learned from being chased relentlessly by an adult is very much like the lessons she learned from playing ball: giving one’s all without regard for everything else including the question as to whether the pursuit is worth it or not. The exhilaration of living the moment and pouring all of one’s energy like that moment is already the essence of existence. Facing defeat doesn’t even matter. She thinks that grown-ups do not understand this idea therefore she is surprised when the man makes her see that even grown-ups could think and act like they children, too.Although making the connection between the two separate scenes creates a profound effect upon the reading of the essay, Dillard’s engaging writing style is the most effective technique which makes the piece interesting to read. There are only two scenes (on playing ball as a kid and the chase between the kids and the adult after the former throw a snowball on the latter’s windshield) but the narrative is very detailed from the names of the author’s childhood friends to the color and model of the car which they hit with a snowball.The emotions of every moment are well-described. The short sentences approximate the breathless quality of the chase. Even the quality of a child’s imagination is captured by the author as she muses on the possibility of keeping up the run until Panama. The introductory paragraph is a description about how to play ball, the strategies of playing it best, and the need to give one’s all in every task be it in throwing the ball or guarding the b ases.It is simply descriptive and does not give a clue that the preceding paragraphs would be a narrative of the author’s experience. This might not hook the reader who prefers narrative texts rather than philosophical musings. However, the subject of the paragraph, which is about playing a sport, would attract the general reader who, more usually than not, would be a football or baseball enthusiast and thus would understand the idea of giving one’s all in the heat of a game.The final paragraph simply recaps the preceding paragraphs. The chase has ended, they have been caught by the adult and lectured upon, and therefore, the story being told has already ended. The preceding paragraphs already finished the story. The final paragraph where the author is musing about the experience, simply wraps up everything. The effect, however, instead of being a redundant ending provides a sense of closure upon the reader and reiterates the main idea that the author would like the re ader to grasp.